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A & P II Lecture > Lymphatic System Part B/C > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Part B/C Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of immunity?

A

1.) innate
2.) adaptive

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2
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

specific defensive system that eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in the body

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3
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of adaptive immunity?
describe them

A

1.) specific
- recognizes & targets specific antigens
2.) systemic
- not restricted to initial site
3.) memory
- has a stronger attack on “known” antigens from previous exposure

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4
Q

what are the 2 branches of the adaptive system?

A

1.) humoral (antibody-mediated immunity)
2.) cellular (cell-mediated immunity)

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5
Q

adaptive system branches

what is humoral immunity & what does it do?

A
  • humoral (antibody) B cells
  • makes antibodies (made by lymphocytes) to circulate in body fluid
  • antibodies binds temporarily to the target cell to make it inactivate
  • also marks it for destruction
  • has extracellular targets so it doesn’t go into cells
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6
Q

adaptive system branches

what is cellular immunity & what does it do?

A
  • attack cells & destroy directly or indirectly
  • lymphocytes can directly/indirectly kill target cells
  • directly = just killing them themselves
  • indirectly = releasing chemicals, telling other lymphocytes/macrophages to do it instead
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7
Q

what are antigens?

A
  • foreign invaders that invoke an immune response
  • the bad guys!
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8
Q

complete antigens have 2 important functional properties
what are they?

A

1.) immunogenicity
2.) reactivity

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9
Q

antigen - functional properties

what is immunogenicity?

A
  • ability to provoke specific antibodies to make an immune response
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10
Q

antigen - functional properties

what is reactivity?

A
  • ability to react w/ the antibody it specifically provoked
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11
Q

what type of lymphocyte is responsible for cellular vs. humoral immunity?

A

cellular - T cells

humoral - B cells

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12
Q

what type of lymphocyte is responsible for cellular immunity?

A

T cells

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13
Q

what type of lymphocyte is responsible for humoral immunity?

A

B cells

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14
Q

what are antibodies & their function?

A
  • proteins secreted by plasma cells
  • by humoral immunity
  • made by B cells to bind specifically w/ antigens to mark them for destruction
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15
Q

what is another name for antibodies?

A

immunoglobulins (Igs)

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16
Q

do antibodies destroy antigens or just temporarily inactivate them and tag them for destruction?

A

antibodies don’t destroy antigens; they just temporarily inactivate them and tag them for destruction by other immune cells

antibodies work by binding to specific antigens on the surface of pathogens, which can neutralize their harmful effects and prevent them from infecting healthy cells

17
Q

what are the 4 defense mechanisms antibodies use?

A

1.) neutralization
2.) agglutination
3.) precipitation
4.) complement fixation

18
Q

4 defense mechanisms antibodies use

describe neutralization

A
  • preventing antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells
19
Q

4 defense mechanisms antibodies use

describe agglutination

A
  • means to clump
  • antigens-antibody “clumps” = easier for destruction

SIMPLE TERMS:
Agglutination is a defense mechanism of antibodies where they clump together or agglutinate antigens, which are foreign substances such as bacteria or viruses, that they recognize as threats. This clumping makes it easier for other immune cells to locate and destroy the antigens, as well as prevent them from spreading throughout the body.

20
Q

4 defense mechanisms antibodies use

describe precipitation

A
  • antigen-antibody complexes precipitate out of solution making it easier for phagocytes

SIMPLE TERMS:

Antibodies are like superheroes that protect our bodies from bad germs. One of the things they do to fight germs is called “precipitation.” It’s kind of like how sugar dissolves in water - but if you put too much sugar in, it won’t dissolve anymore and you can see it at the bottom of the cup.

When antibodies find too many germs in the blood, they stick to them and make them clump together, like a big ball of sugar crystals. This makes it easier for the body to see and remove the germs from the blood. It’s like cleaning up the mess by using a net to scoop up all the sugar crystals that didn’t dissolve.

21
Q

4 defense mechanisms antibodies use

describe complement fixation

A
  • cell lysis = cell destruction
  • alignment along stem regions leads to cell lysis

EASY EXPLANATION :
When we get sick, our body has special cells that fight off the germs that make us sick. These cells make things called antibodies, which are like little soldiers that stick to the germs and tell other cells to come and help get rid of them.

Complement fixation is when the antibodies call for more help from other cells in our body, like an alarm that signals an emergency. This helps activate a group of proteins called complement proteins, which can attack and destroy the germs.

One way the complement proteins work is by forming a group called a “membrane attack complex” that pokes holes in the germs’ outer layer. This is called cell lysis, and it makes the germs burst and die. It’s like if you had a balloon with water inside, and you poked a hole in it - all the water would leak out and the balloon would pop!

So, complement fixation and cell lysis are ways for our body to work together to get rid of the germs that make us sick.

22
Q

what type of lymphocyte is responsible for cellular immunity?

A

T cells

23
Q

there many different types of _______ cells

A

T

24
Q

cellular immunity

under what circumstances are T cells activated?

A

T cells are only activated when antigens that are presented to them

25
Q

cellular immunity

what are the 2 types of T cells?

A

1.) CD4 cells
2.) CD8 cells

26
Q

cellular immunity - types of T cells

what does CD4 cells mature into?

A

1.) helper T cells
2.) regulatory T cells
3.) memory T cells

27
Q

cellular immunity - type of T cells

what does CD8 cells mature into?

A

1.) cytotoxic T cells
2.) memory T cells

28
Q

cellular immunity - type of T cells

helper T cells

what do they mature from?
function of them?

A

mature from CD4 cells

  • help activate other T & B cells
  • induce T & B cell production
  • secrete cytokine to recruit more immune cells
  • no helper T cells = no immune response

EXPLANATION:

Helper T cells are like the “coordinators” of the immune system. Their job is to tell other immune cells what to do and when to do it.

when a germ (like a virus or bacteria) enters the body, the helper T cells recognize it and send out a signal to other immune cells to come and help. They do this by producing special chemicals called cytokines. These cytokines tell other immune cells to grow and multiply, so there are more cells available to fight the infection.

29
Q

cellular immunity - type of T cells

cytotoxic T cells

what do they mature from?
function of them?

A

mature from CD8 cells

  • directly attack & kill other cells (virus, cancer, parasites)

EXPLANATION:

cytotoxic T cells are like the “assassins” of the immune system. Their job is to identify and directly kill cells that are infected with a virus, or cancer cells and other abnormal cells that could be harmful to the body.

when cytotoxic T cells find a cell that needs to be killed, they attach to it and release special chemicals that can poke holes in the cell’s outer layer, causing it to break open and die. This process is called cell lysis.

30
Q

cellular immunity - type of T cells

regulatory T cells

what do they mature from?
function of them?

A

mature from CD4 cells

  • suppress or dampen the activity of other immune cells that might cause harm
  • does this by secreting cytokines

EXPLANATION:

regulatory T cells are like the “police officers” of the immune system. Their job is to make sure that the immune system doesn’t attack the body’s own cells and cause damage. They do this by telling other immune cells to calm down and not get too aggressive.

31
Q

what is a immunodeficiency?

A
  • congenital or acquired conditions that impair function or production of immune cells
  • anything attacking immune cells is immunodeficiency
32
Q

what is an autoimmune disease?

A
  • when immune system loses it’s ability to distinguish itself from foreign
  • starts attacking itself

A & P II Lecture (21 decks)

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