Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P II Lecture > Endocrine Part B > Flashcards

Endocrine Part B Flashcards

1
Q

what shape is the thyroid/parathyroid glands?

A

butterfly shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the thyroid hormone (TH) function?

A

the body’s major metabolic hormone, affects every cell in body

handles metabolism, food, energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

thyroid hormones (TH) have to ________ target cells & bind to receptors inside the __________

A

enter
nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

effects of thyroid hormone (TH) is . . .

A
  • increase basal metabolic rate/heat production
  • regulate tissue growing/development
  • helps maintain BP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what results in hyper secretion of thyroid hormone (TH)?

A

Graves’ disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is Graves’ disease caused from?

A

hypersecretion of thyroid hormone (TH)

THINK: TH = metabolism
hypersecretion = high metabolism = super skinny = going to the Grabe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is Graves’ disease?

A

autoimmune disease (body making antibodies against thyroid cells)

EX - antibodies act like TSH (thyroid secreting hormones) which increases TH in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

thyroid hormone (TH) & thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) work together

in Grave’s disease, antibodies ________ TSH, stimulating TH _______

A

mimic
release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are parathyroid glands?

A

tiny yellow/brown glands in the back of thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

parathyroid cells in parathyroid glands release what hormone?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

parathyroid hormones (PTH) are the most important hormone for what?

A

blood calcium levels (Ca+2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

parathyroid hormones (PTH) are secreted in response to low levels of what?

A

blood calcium levels (Ca+2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

parathyroid hormones (PTH) target what organs?

A

skeleton, kidney, & intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what & where are the adrenal glands?

A

paired yellow hats
on top of both kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 2 structures of the adrenal glands?

A

1.) adrenal cortex
2.) adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what part of the adrenal glands secrete hormones?

A

adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the adrenal medulla?

A

nervous tissue
part of the sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where are corticosteroids found?

A

in the adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are corticosteroids?

A

24 different hormones in the adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the 4 classes of corticosteroids?

A

1.) mineralcorticoids
2.) glucocorticoids
3.) androgens
4.) stress hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do mineralcorticoids do?

A

regulate mineral balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do glucocorticoids do?

A

regulate glucose metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does androgens do?

A

stimulate masculinization

masculinization = when female develops male characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what do stress hormones do?

A

stimulate sympathetic ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is an example of mineralcorticoids?

A

aldosterone

helps conserve sodium (mineral) in kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is an example of glucocorticoids?

A

cortisol

helps increase sugar in blood so brain can use energy to repair tissue

THINK: cortisone cream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is an example of stress hormones?

A

norepinephrine

found in brain, also a neurotransmitter

THINK: stress = brain

28
Q

what results from hypersecretion of cortisol?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome/Disease

29
Q

what causes Cushing’s Syndrome/Disease?

A

hypersecretion of cortisol

30
Q

what happens w/ Cushing’s Syndrome?

A
  • breaks down cartilage/bone formation
  • breaks down immune system
  • prevents inflammation (we need it)
  • disrupts important functions (neural, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal)
31
Q

what can happen w/ Cushing’s syndrome?

A
  • tumor on pituirary, lung, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal cortex
  • overuse of corticosteroids
32
Q

what are the symptoms of Cushing syndrome?

A

“moon” face
“buffalo hump” on the back

33
Q

what results from hyposecretion of glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids?

A

Addison’s disease

34
Q

what causes Addison’s disease?

A

hyposecretion of glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids

35
Q

what happens w/ Addison’s disease?

A
  • decrease in plasma glucose & Na+ levels
  • weight loss, dehydration, hypotension
36
Q

what are some signs of Addison’s disease?

A

bronze skin from melanin production (high levels of ACTH)

37
Q

what does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

38
Q

what are the functions of melatonin?

A
  • sexual maturation & puberty
  • day/night cycles
  • physiological processes (body tempt, sleep, appetite)
  • produces antioxidant & detox molecules
39
Q

what & where is the pancreas?

A

triangular gland
behind the stomach

40
Q

pancreas have both _________ & _________ cells

A

exocrine & endocrine cells

41
Q

what do pancreatic islets contain?

A

endocrine cells

42
Q

what are the 2 cells in pancreatic islets?

A

alpha cells
beta cells

43
Q

what do alpha cells produce?

A

glucagon

44
Q

what do beta cells make?

A

insulin

45
Q

how is glucagon triggered?

A

when blood glucose levels are low

46
Q

how does glucagon raise blood glucose levels?

A

targets liver to break down glycogen into glucose
liver releases glucose into blood to raise low levels

47
Q

how is insulin secreted?

A

when blood glucose levels are increased

48
Q

what does insulin do?

A

brings down blood glucose levels when high

49
Q

how does insulin bring down blood glucose levels?

A
  • enhanced transport of glucose
  • puts glucose into storage (fat & muscle cells)
  • prevents breakdown of glycogen to glucose
50
Q

glucagon

hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic hormone?

A

hyperglycemic

51
Q

insulin

hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic hormone?

A

hypoglycemic

52
Q

what happens when blood glucose level needs to lower?

A

1.) pancreas produces insulin
2.) insulin tells liver to make glycogen
3.) glycogen released to lower levels

53
Q

what happens when blood glucose levels need to rise?

A

1.) pancreas make glucagon
2.) glucagon sent to liver to make glucose
3.) glucose helps blood glucose level rise to normal

54
Q

what is DM?

A

diabetes mellitus

55
Q

how many types of DM?

A

2

56
Q

what are the 2 types of diabetes?

A

type 1 & type 2

57
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

hypo secretion of insulin (too little insulin produces)
genetics

58
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

hypo activity of insulin (a lot of insulin but not working)
based on lifestyle choices

59
Q

type 1 diabetes comes from __________

A

genetics

60
Q

type 1 diabetes is when the immune system is ___________ insulin producing cells

A

destroying

61
Q

type 2 diabetes is when there is a lot of __________ but it is not working

A

insulin

hypoactivity

62
Q

type 2 diabetes develops _______ _________ due to lifestyle choices

A

over time

63
Q

how many signs of diabetes are there?

A

3

64
Q

what are the 3 signs of diabetes?

A

1.) polyuria
2.) polydispia
3.) polyphagia

65
Q

what is polyuria?

A

huge urine output

66
Q

what is polydipsia?

A

excessive thirst

due to water loss from polyuria

67
Q

what is polyphagia?

A

excessive hunger & food consumption

cells can’t take glucose bc they are “starving”

A & P II Lecture (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions