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A & P II Lecture > Blood Vessels/Circulatory Part B > Flashcards

Blood Vessels/Circulatory Part B Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood flow?
what’s measurement?

A
  • the amount of blood flowing through the vessels
  • measured in mL/min
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2
Q

what is blood flow equivalent to?

A

blood flow is equal to cardiac output (CO) for whole vascular system

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3
Q

what is blood pressure?

A
  • the amount of force in the lumen of the blood vessels
  • the force is the pressure against the walls inside the vessel
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4
Q

what is the measurement for BP?

A

measured in mm Hg

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5
Q

what are we trying to get close to when were measuring BP?

A

as close to the heart b/c pressure is highest coming out of aorta

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6
Q

what is systolic pressure?

A
  • top number
  • pressure in the large arteries when the heart contracts (systole contraction)
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7
Q

what is diastolic pressure?

A
  • bottom number
  • pressure in large arteries when heart is relaxing
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8
Q

what is the difference between the systolic & diastolic pressure (120/80) mean?

A

the difference is the amount of force driving inside the blood vessel

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9
Q

what is peripheral resistance?
what does it measure?

A
  • the opposition to flow
  • measures the amount of friction blood encounters w/ vessel walls
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10
Q

what are the 3 important sources/reasons of resistance?

A

1.) blood viscosity
2.) total blood vessel length
3.) blood vessel diameter

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11
Q

factors affecting resistance

explain blood viscosity
resistance goes up or down?
provide an example

A
  • is how thick the blood is
  • increase viscosity ↑ = increase resistance ↑
  • E.X = drinking smoothie out of straw, needs a lot of sucking b/c so thick
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12
Q

factors affecting resistance

explain total blood vessel length
resistance goes up or down?

A

longer the blood vessel↑ = the greater the resistance ↑

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13
Q

factors affecting resistance

explain blood vessel diameter
resistance goes up or down?
what’s important about it?

A
  • if vasodilates (bigger diameter) ↑ = resistance decreases ↓
  • if vasoconstricts (smaller diameter) ↓ = resistance increases ↑
  • this has the greatest influence
  • major determinant = arterioles
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14
Q

factors affecting resistance

what is the major determinant of blood vessel diameter & why?

A

small arterioles b/c smaller increases resistance

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15
Q

factors affecting resistance

which of the 3 sources has the greatest influence resistance & why?

A

blood vessel diameter b/c of small arterioles

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16
Q

factors affecting resistance

clinically, if someone has atherosclerosis (fatty plaque build up) what happens w/ resistance?

A

resistance will increase in blood vessel

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17
Q

factors affecting resistance

which 3 sources has the greatest influence resistance & why?

A

blood vessel diameter b/c of small arterioles

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18
Q

factors affecting resistance

which of the 3 source of resistance is subject to our internal control?

A
  • blood visocity & blood vessel diameter ONLY
  • we can’t change blood vessel length
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19
Q

what is a direct relationship?

A
  • things change in the same direction
  • 1 increase, the other increase
  • 1 decrease, the other decreases
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20
Q

what is an indirect relationship?

A
  • things changing in opposite directions
  • 1 increase, other decreases
  • vice versa
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21
Q

what 2 factors affecting arterial blood pressure?

A

1.) elasticity of arteries close to the heart (how easily can they expand)
2.) volume of blood that is being forced into it

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22
Q

arterial blood pressure

what is systolic pressure?

A

how much pressure is pushed out the aorta in ventricular contraction

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23
Q

arterial blood pressure

what is diastolic pressure?

A

how much pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest

24
Q

arterial blood pressure

what is pulse pressure?

A
  • difference between systolic & diastolic pressure
  • systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
25
Q

arterial blood pressure

what is pulse?

A
  • beating of the arteries is due to PP
  • this is what we’re feeling pressure is of ejecting & relaxation
26
Q

arterial blood pressure

what is MAP?

A
  • mean arterial pressure
  • average pressure that pushes blood to tissues
27
Q

what are the vital signs?
give some examples

A
  • pulse
  • BP
  • respiratory rate
  • body temp
28
Q

compare capillary BP & atrial BP

which one is low pressure?

A
  • capillary BP is low b/c we need low pressure in capillaries
  • capillaries are thin (1 layer thick) to do quick gas exchange
29
Q

compare venous BP to atrial BP & why

A
  • venous BP is low to atrial BP
  • veins are big volume reservoirs, not a lot of pressure
30
Q

venous BP

what are the 3 factors aiding venous return?

A

1.) muscular pump
2.) respiratory pump
3.) sympathetic venoconstriction

31
Q

3 factors aiding venous return/venous BP

explain muscular pump

A

contraction of skeletal muscles “milk” blood back toward the heart, the valves prevent backflow

32
Q

3 factors aiding venous return/venous BP

explain respiratory pump

A

pressure changes during breathing move blood toward the heart (the diaphragm contraction & relaxation)

33
Q

3 factors aiding venous return/venous BP

explain sympathetic venoconstriction

A

under sympathetic control, smooth muscles constricts, pushing blood back toward the heart

34
Q

what is the goal of blood pressure regulation?

A

to keep blood pressure high enough to provide adequate tissue perfusion (delivery of blood) but not so high that the blood vessels are damaged

35
Q

if BP to the brain is too low, perfusion is _______ and the person loses consciousness from not enough oxygen

A

inadequate

36
Q

4 primary organs that regulate BP

A

1.) heart
2.) blood vessels
3.) kidneys
4.) nervous system (detects & send messages to organs)

37
Q

3 main factors regulating BP

A

1.) cardiac output (SV x HR)
2.) peripheral resistance (blood viscosity, diameter of vessel, blood length)
3.) blood volume

38
Q

factors regulating BP are affected by 3 regulators

what are they?

A

1.) short term regulators
2.) long term regulators
3.) short/long term regulators (middle)

39
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

explain short term regulators

A
  • onset is QUICK, duration is SHORT
  • this quickly changes our BP, but change doesn’t last long
  • this is neural controls

E.X - baroreceptors in our large arteries act as pressure sensors like our car tires

40
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

what regulator uses neural controls?

A

short term regulators

41
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

explain long term regulators

A
  • onset is DELAYED (takes longer), duration is LONGER
  • this is renal controls (kidneys)
  • affects our kidney 2 ways (indirect/direct renal mechanisms)
42
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

what regulator uses renal controls? (kidneys)

A

long term regulators

43
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

long term regulators affect our kidneys in how many ways?

A

2

44
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

what are the 2 ways long term regulators affect our kidneys?

A

1.) direct renal mechanism
2.) indirect renal mechanism

45
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

explain direct renal mechanism

A
  • kidneys alter BP w/o hormones, they do this by manipulating blood volume
  • increase BP or increase blood Volume = kidneys will secrete more water & urine to reduce BP
  • decrease BP or decrease BV = kidneys will retain more water in the body (concentrated urine) to bring up BP
46
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

explain indirect renal mechanism

A
  • decrease of arterial BP signals detected by our kidney, and the kidney releases renin, and the renin enters the blood stream and is converted to angiotensin II
  • angiotensin II raises BP in 4 ways
47
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

how is angiotensin II produced? by what mechanism?

A
  • indirect renal mechanism
  • made when renin is converted into angiotension II
48
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

angiotensin II stabilizes BP/extracellular fluid (ECF) on 4 ways, what are they?

A

1.) stimulates aldosterone secretion (also raises BP)
2.) stimulates ADH secretion (anti diuretic hormone, also raises BP)
3.) triggers thirst center
4.) vasoconstriction

49
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

what does short/long term regulators (middle) use?

A

uses hormonal controls

50
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

name the hormones in short/long term regulators

A
  • angiotensin II
  • ADH
  • ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
  • aldosterone
51
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

what hormones in short/long term regulation are vasoconstrictors?
what does it do to BP?

A
  • angiotension II
  • ADH

they increase BP!

52
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

what hormone in short/long term regulation that increase blood volume?
what does it do to BP?

A
  • aldosterone

increases BP!

53
Q

factors regulating BP (3 regulators)

what hormones in short/long term regulation decrease blood volume?
what does it do to BP?

A
  • ANP

decreases BP!

54
Q

what is hypertension?
include BP #

A

sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher

55
Q

what is hypotension?
include BP #

A

low BP below 90/60 mm Hg

A & P II Lecture (21 decks)

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