Digestive System Part B

Question 1

deglutition

What is deglutition?

Answer 1

Deglutition is the process of swallowing, which involves the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.

Question 2

deglutition (swallowing)

How many stages are involved in deglutition?

Answer 2

3

Question 3

deglutition (swallowing)

what are the 3 stages of deglutition?

Answer 3

1.) voluntary
2.) pharyngeal
3.) esophageal

Question 4

deglutition (swallowing)

what is the 1st stage of deglutition?

Answer 4

• voluntary
• tongue moves upward and backward to push the bolus towards the pharynx

Question 5

deglutition (swallowing)

what is the 2nd stage of deglutition?

Answer 5

• pharyngeal
• nervous system signals the epiglottis to close to prevent food from entering the trachea

Question 6

deglutition (swallowing)

what is the 3rd stage of deglutition?

Answer 6

• esophageal
• peristalsis (wave-like contractions) pushes the bolus forward towards the stomach

Question 7

what is the name for a bolus of food once it mixes with stomach juices?

Answer 7

• converted into a paste-like substance called chyme

Question 8

gross anatomy of stomach

what are the 4 major regions of the stomach?

Answer 8

1.) cardial part (cardia)
2.) fundus
3.) body
4.) pylorus

Question 9

gross anatomy of stomach

what is the cardial part of the stomach?

Answer 9

• surrounds the cardial orifice, - - is the opening of the stomach that connects to the esophagus

Question 10

gross anatomy of stomach

what & where is the fundus of the stomach located?

Answer 10

• dome-shaped region
• located beneath the diaphragm

Question 11

gross anatomy of stomach

what is the body of the stomach?

Answer 11

• midportion that lies between the fundus and the pylorus

Question 12

gross anatomy of stomach

what is the pylorus of the stomach?

Answer 12

• region that connects to the small intestine and continues the digestive process

Question 13

gross anatomy of stomach

what is the name of the convex lateral surface of the stomach?

Answer 13

• the greater curvature

Question 14

gross anatomy of stomach

what is the name of the concave medial surface of the stomach?

Answer 14

• the lesser curvature is the name for the concave medial surface of the stomach

Question 15

gross anatomy of stomach

what is the name of the mesentery that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach?

Answer 15

• the lesser omentum

Question 16

gross anatomy of stomach

what is the name of the mesentery that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach?

Answer 16

• the greater omentum

Question 17

microscopic anatomy of the stomach

what is the mucosa layer of the stomach?

Answer 17

• innermost layer of the stomach
• contains gastric pits with gastric juice

Question 18

microscopic anatomy of the stomach

what are the 4 types of exocrine gland cells found in the mucosa layer of the stomach?

Answer 18

1.) mucous neck cells
2.) parietal cells
3.) chief cells
4.) g cells (also known as enteroendocrine cells)

Question 19

microscopic anatomy of the stomach

what is the function of mucous neck cells in the stomach?

Answer 19

• secrete mucus to protect the lining of the stomach from gastric juice
• need mucus so it protects the lining from the gastric juice b/c it will eat away

Question 20

microscopic anatomy of the stomach

what is the function of parietal cells in the stomach?

Answer 20

• secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) - intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption

Question 21

microscopic anatomy of the stomach

what is the function of chief cells in the stomach?

Answer 21

• secrete pepsinogen that breaks down proteins
• secrete lipases that break down lipids

Question 22

microscopic anatomy of the stomach

what is the function of g cells (enteroendocrine cells) in the stomach?

Answer 22

• secrete chemical messengers (hormones) that help communicate with the next layer in the stomach lining

Question 23

clinical

what is gastritis?

Answer 23

• inflammation of the stomach lining
• caused by anything that breaches the stomach’s mucosal barrier

Question 24

clinical

what are peptic or gastric ulcers?

Answer 24

• erosions in the stomach wall

Question 25

clinical

what are some other common culprits that can lead to gastritis and ulcers?

Answer 25

• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, can also cause gastritis and ulcers

Question 26

digestive processes in the stomach

What is churning in the stomach?

Answer 26

Churning in the stomach is the mechanical digestive process where mixing waves create chyme.

Question 27

digestive processes in the stomach

what are the mechanical processes which occur in the stomach?

Answer 27

• churning which creates chyme

Question 28

digestive processes in the stomach

what are the 5 chemical digestive processes which occur in the stomach?

Answer 28

1.) salivary amylase (for a short time)
2.) lingual lipase (activated by gastric juice)
3.) HCI (kills microbes and denatures proteins),
4.) pepsinogen (converted to pepsin)
5.) gastric lipase (converted to lipids)

Question 29

digestive processes in the stomach

how much nutrient absorption occurs in the stomach?

Answer 29

• only a small amount
• includes some water, ions, short chain fatty acids, certain drugs (such as aspirin), and alcohol

Question 30

digestive processes in the stomach

what organ does the chyme enter after passing through the stomach?

Answer 30

• chyme enters the small intestine after passing through the stomach

Question 31

liver

what is the digestive function of the liver?

Answer 31

the digestive function of the liver is the production of bile

Question 32

bile

what is the function of bile?

Answer 32

• a fat emulsifier

Question 33

bile

what does fat emulsification mean?

Answer 33

• process of breaking down large fat molecules into smaller droplets
• so that they can be more easily digested by the body
• done with the help of bile (produced by the liver and stored in gallbladder)

Question 34

bile

what is the chief function of the gallbladder?

Answer 34

• storage of bile

Question 35

bile

which organ’s chief function is the storage of bile?

Answer 35

• gall bladder

Question 36

bile

what is the composition and function of bile?

Answer 36

• yellow-green
• alkaline solution that contains bile salts (cholesterol derivatives that function in fat emulsification and absorption) and bilirubin (a pigment formed from heme).
• function is to aid in digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins

Question 37

what organ is considered the largest gland in the body?

Answer 37

• liver

Question 38

liver

what is the disease of the liver that results from progressive, chronic inflammation due to chronic hepatitis or alcoholism?

Answer 38

cirrhosis

Question 39

liver

how does cirrhosis affect the liver’s ability to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 39

• disrupts the liver’s normal functioning
• leads to a homeostatic imbalance in the body. I

Question 40

gallbladder

what is the function of the Gallbladder?

Answer 40

• to store and concentrate bile

Question 41

gallbladder

what macromolecule would an individual have trouble digesting if the Gallbladder is not functioning properly?

Answer 41

• fats (or lipids)

Explanation: The gallbladder stores and releases bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats. Without proper functioning of the gallbladder, the body may have difficulty breaking down and absorbing fats.

Question 42

flow of bile diagram

Answer 42