Urinary System Part A (Final Exam) Flashcards
kidney regulatory functions
What are the five regulatory functions of the kidney?
1.) Blood volume
2.) Blood pressure
3.) Blood pH
4.) Blood ionic composition
5.) Blood glucose level
organs that work w/ urinary system
What are the 3 other organs that work with the urinary system?
1.) ureter
2.) urinary bladder
3.) urethra
organs that work w/ urinary system
What is the function of the ureter?
to transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
organs that work w/ urinary system
what is the function of the urinary bladder?
to serve as a temporary storage reservoir for urine
organs that work w/ urinary system
What is the function of the urethra?
to move urine out of the body
internal kidney
What are the three regions of the internal kidney?
The three regions of the internal kidney are the
1.) renal cortex
2.) renal medulla
3.) renal pelvis
internal kidney
What is the renal cortex?
The renal cortex is the granular appearing superficial region of the kidney.
internal kidney
Where is the renal medulla located?
The renal medulla is located deep within the kidney.
internal kidney
What are the structures found in the renal medulla?
The renal medulla contains cone-shaped renal pyramids that are separated by renal columns.
internal kidney
What is the renal pelvis?
The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped tube that is continuous with the ureter.
internal kidney
What are the two parts of the renal pelvis?
The two parts of the renal pelvis are the
1.) minor calyces
2.) major calyces
internal kidney
What is the function of the minor calyces?
The minor calyces are cup-shaped areas that collect urine.
internal kidney
What is the function of the major calyces?
The major calyces collect urine from the minor calyces and empty the urine into the renal pelvis.
urine pathflow inside kidney
What is the path of urine flow inside the kidney? (6)
Nephron –> Renal Pyramid —> Minor Calyx –> Major Calyx —> Renal Pelvis –> Ureter
nephrons
What are nephrons?
structural and functional units of the kidneys that make urine
part of nephrons & functions
What are the 2 parts of the nephrons?
1.) renal corpuscle
2.) renal tubule
part of nephrons & functions
What are the 2 parts of the renal corpuscle and their functions?
The two parts of the renal corpuscle are the
1.) glomerulus (blood vessels)
- to help with efficient filtrate formation
2.) glomerular capsule
- has filtration slits to help filter
part of nephrons & functions
What are the 3 parts of the renal tubule and their functions?
1.) proximal convoluted tubule
- reabsorption and secretion
2.) nephron loop
- u-shaped structure with two limbs (descending and ascending)
3.) distal convoluted tubule
- more in secretion than reabsorption, and it drains into the collecting duct
part of nephrons & functions
Do all three parts of the renal tubule hook up to the collecting duct?
Yes, all three parts of the renal tubule (proximal convoluted tube, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule) hook up to the collecting duct.
classes of nephrons & capillary beds
What are the 2 classes of nephrons?
1.) cortical nephrons
2.) juxtamedullary nephrons
classes of nephrons & capillary beds
What supplies the cortical nephrons?
The cortical nephrons are supplied by peritubular capillaries.
classes of nephrons & capillary beds
What supplies the juxtamedullary nephrons?
The juxtamedullary nephrons are supplied by juxtamedullary capillaries.
process of urine formation/adjustment of blood composition
What are the 3 processes involved in urine formation/adjustment of blood composition?
The 3 processes are
1.) glomerular filtration
2.) tubular reabsorption
3.) tubular secretion
process of urine formation/adjustment of blood composition
What happens during glomerular filtration?
Water and solutes in blood plasma move across glomerular capillary walls into glomerular capsule and renal tubule.
process of urine formation/adjustment of blood composition
What is tubular reabsorption?
Tubular reabsorption is the process where filtrate goes from the renal tubule back into the blood, such as in the case of dehydration.
nephron to blood
process of urine formation/adjustment of blood composition
What is tubular secretion?
Tubular secretion is the opposite of tubular reabsorption, where substances such as water, ions, and waste are taken from the blood and deposited into the renal tubule.
blood to nephron
glomerular filtration
What is glomerular filtration?
Glomerular filtration is the process by which fluid and solutes are forced through the filtration membrane into the glomerular capsule.
glomerular filtration
Is glomerular filtration a passive or active process?
Glomerular filtration is a passive process that does not require any energy
glomerular filtration
What forces fluid and solutes through the filtration membrane in glomerular filtration?
Pressure is the force that pushes fluid and solutes through the filtration membrane into the glomerular capsule.
filtration membrane
What is the filtration membrane?
The filtration membrane is the membrane between the blood and inside of the glomerular capsule.
filtration membrane
What does the filtration membrane allow?
The filtration membrane allows filtration of water and small solutes.
filtration membrane
What does the filtration membrane prevent from being filtered?
The filtration membrane prevents filtration of plasma proteins, blood cells, and platelets.
filtration membrane layers
What are the three layers of the filtration membrane?
The three layers of the filtration membrane are
1.) glomerular endothelial cells
2.) basal lamina
3.) filtration slits
filtration membrane layers
What is the function of glomerular endothelial cells in the filtration membrane?
Glomerular endothelial cells prevent filtration like a strainer.
filtration membrane layers
What is the function of basal lamina in the filtration membrane?
prevents filtration of larger proteins like antibodies
filtration membrane layers
What is the function of filtration slits in the filtration membrane?
prevent filtration of medium sized proteins.
pressures that affect filtration
What are the 2 types of pressures that affect filtration?
1.) promoting filtration
2.) pressure opposing filtration
pressures that affect filtration
What is glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)?
promoting or opposing?
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP) is the pressure of blood in glomerular capillaries, which is
approximately 55 mm HG.
promoting pressure
pressures that affect filtration
What is capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)?
promoting or opposing?
Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) is the pressure of filtrate already in the glomerular capsule, which is approximately 15 mm HG.
opposing
pressures that affect filtration
What is blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)?
promoting or opposing?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) is the pressure exerted by proteins in the blood that want to hold water in, which is approximately 30 mm HG.
opposing
mechanisms for regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
What is the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?
The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism is a type of renal autoregulation that involves macula densa cells detecting changes in Na+ and Cl- concentration, which can lead to vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles and a decrease in GFR back to homeostasis.
mechanisms for regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
How does the neural regulation mechanism regulate GFR?
The neural regulation mechanism regulates GFR by using the sympathetic nervous system.
mechanisms for regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
What is the hormonal regulation mechanism for regulating GFR?
The hormonal regulation mechanism for regulating GFR uses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
