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Histology > Urinary System Part 2 > Flashcards

Urinary System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

combined baroreceptor (pressure) and chemoreceptor ( [ion])

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2
Q

where is the JGA

A

specialized areas of afferent arteriole and DCT

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3
Q

what is the JGA used for

A

to regulate systemic blood pressure via renin angiotensin aldosteron system

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4
Q

what are the 3 components of the JGA

A

-macula dense
- juxtaglomerular cells
- extraglomerular mesangial cells

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5
Q

what is the macula dense

A

thickened region on one side of the DCT

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6
Q

what does the macula densa contain

A

densely packed cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells

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7
Q

what are the chemoreceptors in macula densa sensitive to

A

changes in [Na] filtrate

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8
Q

what are juxtaglomerular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of afferent arteriole

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9
Q

what do juxtaglomerular cells act as

A

baroreceptors, detect changes in BP

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10
Q

what do juxtaglomerular cells produce

A

renin in response to decreased blood pressure

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11
Q

what does renin do

A

converts angiotensin to angiotensin I

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12
Q

describe exrtaglomerular mesangial cells

A

flattened cells surrounding afferent and efferent arterioles

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13
Q

what is the function of extraglomerular cells

A

provide structural support and phagocytosis
- tubular glomerular feedback

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14
Q

how do extraglomerular cells assist in tubular glomerular feedback

A

by transmitting signals from cells of macula densa to glomerular mesangial cells

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15
Q

what happens with decreased blood pressure

A
  • renin release from JG cells in afferent arteriole
  • decrease GFR -> decreased Na in distal convoluted tubule
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16
Q

describe the renin angiotensin aldosterone pathway

A

renin causes angiotensinogen to be converted into angiotensin I. ACE in endothelial cells in lungs converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

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17
Q

what does angiotensin II do

A

vasoconstrictor, increase in BP

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18
Q

where is angiotensinogen synthesized

A

liver

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19
Q

what are the 3 ways in which angiotensin II increases BP

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • release of aldosterone from zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex -> resorption of Na and water from DCT
  • ADH secretion from posterior pituitary -> increased water resorption from collecting tubule
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20
Q

what do ACE inhibitors do

A

prevent conversion of angiotensin I -> angiotensin II by blocking action of ACE, preventing BP increase

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21
Q

describe the ureters and their function

A

muscular tubes, conducting urine from kindeys to bladder

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22
Q

describe the lumen shape of the ureters

A

stellate or star shaped

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23
Q

what is the lumen of the ureter lined by

A

transitional epithelium

24
Q

what are the 3 layers of smooth muscle of the muscularis externa in ureters

A

inner longitudinal and outer circular, third outermost longitudinal layer in lower third of ureter

25
Q

how do ureters move urine

A

peristaltic contractions

26
Q

what surrounds the ureter

A

fibroelastic adventitia of CT

27
Q

what is the urinary bladder lined by

A

transitional epithelium with underlying fibroelastic lamina propria

28
Q

what do the three openings of the urinary bladder define

A

trigone area

29
Q

what are the openings in the trigone area

A

two for entry of urine from ureters and one for exit of urine via urethra

30
Q

what is the urethra surrounded by

A

internal sphincter of smooth muscle

31
Q

what are the three smooth muscle layers in the muscularis externa of the urinary bladder

A

inner longitudinal, outer circular, and outermost longitudinal interspersed with elastic fibers

32
Q

what is the peritoneal or visceral surface of bladder covered by

A

fibroblastic adventitia called serosa

33
Q

what does the urethra do

A

transfers urine from bladder to outside world

34
Q

what epithelium lines the urethra

A

stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium with paraurethral mucus glands

35
Q

what are the 3 sections of the urethra in males

A

prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile)

36
Q

what is the prostatic urethra lined by

A

transitional epithelium

37
Q

why are females more susceptible to bladder infections

A

short urethra

38
Q

what is cystitis/ pyelonephritis

A

bacterial/fungal (yeast) infection
- rbc’s, wbc’s bacteria in urine, painful/burning urination

39
Q

how is a bladder infection diagnosed

A

urine culture

40
Q

what is another word for urination

A

micturition

41
Q

what is proteinuria

A

excretion of protein in urine, usually albumin

42
Q

what is glucosuria

A

excretion of glucose in the urine -> diabetes mellitus

43
Q

what is polyuria

A

increased frequency of urination

44
Q

what is polydipsia

A

increased frequency of drinking

45
Q

what are polyuria and polydipsia both symptoms of

A

diabetes mellitus

46
Q

what is polyuria and polydipsia caused by

A

ADH insufficiency -> high volume, dilute (hypotonic) urine

47
Q

what might drugs or metabolites concentrated in urine precipitate as

A

crystals

48
Q

what is nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis

A

crystal, stone formation -> urinary calculi

49
Q

what are 80% of urinary stones made of

A

calcium oxalate

50
Q

what are influential factors in urinary calculi

A

genetic and diet

51
Q

where may urinary calculi lodge themselves

A

in renal pelvis , ureters, urethra

52
Q

how are urinary calculi treated

A

ultrasound called ilithotripsy

53
Q

what are the complications of urinary calculi

A

hydronephorosis and hydroureter, usually unilateral

54
Q

what does BUN measure and indirectly measure

A

renal function; indirectly measures renal disease

55
Q

when does BUN start to increase

A

when 75% of functional nephrons are lost -> uremia

Histology (27 decks)

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