Urinary System Part 2

Question 1

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 1

combined baroreceptor (pressure) and chemoreceptor ( [ion])

Question 2

where is the JGA

Answer 2

specialized areas of afferent arteriole and DCT

Question 3

what is the JGA used for

Answer 3

to regulate systemic blood pressure via renin angiotensin aldosteron system

Question 4

what are the 3 components of the JGA

Answer 4

-macula dense
- juxtaglomerular cells
- extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 5

what is the macula dense

Answer 5

thickened region on one side of the DCT

Question 6

what does the macula densa contain

Answer 6

densely packed cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells

Question 7

what are the chemoreceptors in macula densa sensitive to

Answer 7

changes in [Na] filtrate

Question 8

what are juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 8

modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of afferent arteriole

Question 9

what do juxtaglomerular cells act as

Answer 9

baroreceptors, detect changes in BP

Question 10

what do juxtaglomerular cells produce

Answer 10

renin in response to decreased blood pressure

Question 11

what does renin do

Answer 11

converts angiotensin to angiotensin I

Question 12

describe exrtaglomerular mesangial cells

Answer 12

flattened cells surrounding afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 13

what is the function of extraglomerular cells

Answer 13

provide structural support and phagocytosis
- tubular glomerular feedback

Question 14

how do extraglomerular cells assist in tubular glomerular feedback

Answer 14

by transmitting signals from cells of macula densa to glomerular mesangial cells

Question 15

what happens with decreased blood pressure

Answer 15

• renin release from JG cells in afferent arteriole
• decrease GFR -> decreased Na in distal convoluted tubule

Question 16

describe the renin angiotensin aldosterone pathway

Answer 16

renin causes angiotensinogen to be converted into angiotensin I. ACE in endothelial cells in lungs converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Question 17

what does angiotensin II do

Answer 17

vasoconstrictor, increase in BP

Question 18

where is angiotensinogen synthesized

Answer 18

liver

Question 19

what are the 3 ways in which angiotensin II increases BP

Answer 19

• vasoconstriction
• release of aldosterone from zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex -> resorption of Na and water from DCT
• ADH secretion from posterior pituitary -> increased water resorption from collecting tubule

Question 20

what do ACE inhibitors do

Answer 20

prevent conversion of angiotensin I -> angiotensin II by blocking action of ACE, preventing BP increase

Question 21

describe the ureters and their function

Answer 21

muscular tubes, conducting urine from kindeys to bladder

Question 22

describe the lumen shape of the ureters

Answer 22

stellate or star shaped

Question 23

what is the lumen of the ureter lined by

Answer 23

transitional epithelium

Question 24

what are the 3 layers of smooth muscle of the muscularis externa in ureters

Answer 24

inner longitudinal and outer circular, third outermost longitudinal layer in lower third of ureter

Question 25

how do ureters move urine

Answer 25

peristaltic contractions

Question 26

what surrounds the ureter

Answer 26

fibroelastic adventitia of CT

Question 27

what is the urinary bladder lined by

Answer 27

transitional epithelium with underlying fibroelastic lamina propria

Question 28

what do the three openings of the urinary bladder define

Answer 28

trigone area

Question 29

what are the openings in the trigone area

Answer 29

two for entry of urine from ureters and one for exit of urine via urethra

Question 30

what is the urethra surrounded by

Answer 30

internal sphincter of smooth muscle

Question 31

what are the three smooth muscle layers in the muscularis externa of the urinary bladder

Answer 31

inner longitudinal, outer circular, and outermost longitudinal interspersed with elastic fibers

Question 32

what is the peritoneal or visceral surface of bladder covered by

Answer 32

fibroblastic adventitia called serosa

Question 33

what does the urethra do

Answer 33

transfers urine from bladder to outside world

Question 34

what epithelium lines the urethra

Answer 34

stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium with paraurethral mucus glands

Question 35

what are the 3 sections of the urethra in males

Answer 35

prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile)

Question 36

what is the prostatic urethra lined by

Answer 36

transitional epithelium

Question 37

why are females more susceptible to bladder infections

Answer 37

short urethra

Question 38

what is cystitis/ pyelonephritis

Answer 38

bacterial/fungal (yeast) infection - rbc's, wbc's bacteria in urine, painful/burning urination

Question 39

how is a bladder infection diagnosed

Answer 39

urine culture

Question 40

what is another word for urination

Answer 40

micturition

Question 41

what is proteinuria

Answer 41

excretion of protein in urine, usually albumin

Question 42

what is glucosuria

Answer 42

excretion of glucose in the urine -> diabetes mellitus

Question 43

what is polyuria

Answer 43

increased frequency of urination

Question 44

what is polydipsia

Answer 44

increased frequency of drinking

Question 45

what are polyuria and polydipsia both symptoms of

Answer 45

diabetes mellitus

Question 46

what is polyuria and polydipsia caused by

Answer 46

ADH insufficiency -> high volume, dilute (hypotonic) urine

Question 47

what might drugs or metabolites concentrated in urine precipitate as

Answer 47

crystals

Question 48

what is nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis

Answer 48

crystal, stone formation -> urinary calculi

Question 49

what are 80% of urinary stones made of

Answer 49

calcium oxalate

Question 50

what are influential factors in urinary calculi

Answer 50

genetic and diet

Question 51

where may urinary calculi lodge themselves

Answer 51

in renal pelvis , ureters, urethra

Question 52

how are urinary calculi treated

Answer 52

ultrasound called ilithotripsy

Question 53

what are the complications of urinary calculi

Answer 53

hydronephorosis and hydroureter, usually unilateral

Question 54

what does BUN measure and indirectly measure

Answer 54

renal function; indirectly measures renal disease

Question 55

when does BUN start to increase

Answer 55

when 75% of functional nephrons are lost -> uremia