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Histology > GI Tract Part 1 > Flashcards

GI Tract Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the alimentary canal extend from

A

oral cavity to anus

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2
Q

what are the 5 phases that breakdown of food occurs in

A

ingestion, fragmentation, digestion, absorption, elimination

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3
Q

what phases of food breakdown occurs in the oral cavity

A

ingestion and fragmentation resulting in bolus formation

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4
Q

what phases of food breakdown occurs in the stomach

A

fragmentation and initiates digestion

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5
Q

what is peristalsis and what type of innervation is it

A

contractions of smooth muscle under autonomic control

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6
Q

what do duodenum, pancreatic and biliary secretions do

A

emulsification of fat

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7
Q

where does the primary absorption of nutrients occur

A

jejunum and ileum

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8
Q

what phases of food breakdown occur in the colon

A

resorption of water and elimination of waste

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9
Q

what is the gut

A

a muscular tube lined by mucus membrane

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10
Q

what are the 4 distinct layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and adventitia

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11
Q

what are the 3 functions of the mucosa

A

protection, secretion and absorption

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12
Q

what are. the 3 layers of the mucosa

A

epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

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13
Q

what are the functions of the epithelium in the mucosa

A

secretory and absorptive functions

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14
Q

what is the lamina propria and what does it contain

A

underlying CT, contains lymphoid nodules, glands, blood vessels and lymphatics

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15
Q

what is the muscularis mucosae

A

-thin layer of smooth muscle, boundary between mucosa and submucosa

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16
Q

what is the submucosa

A

loose to dense irregular CT layer beneath muscularis mucosae

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17
Q

what does the submucosa contain

A

larger blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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18
Q

what are the 2 layers of the muscularis externa

A

inner circular layer and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers

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19
Q

describe how the muscle fibers of the inner circular layer and the outer longitudinal layer are oriented to each other

A

at right angles

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20
Q

what does segmentation do

A

local contractions that result in mixing of food occurring proximally and distally

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21
Q

what does peristalsis do

A

propels food distally only (aborally)

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22
Q

what is the adventitia and what does it contain

A

outer loose CT layer, contains major nerves, vessels, and adipose tissue

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23
Q

what is the adventitia referred to within the abdominal cavity

A

serosa or visceral peritoneum

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24
Q

what is the adventitia continuous with

A

the supporting mesentary

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25
Q

what is the adventitia lined with

A

simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

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26
Q

what does the adventitia merge with in some areas

A

retroperitoneal tissue

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27
Q

what is the result of parasympathetic stimulation in the gut

A

excitatory

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28
Q

what is the result of sympathetic stimulation in the gut

A

inhibitory

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29
Q

where do parasympathetic motor nerves synapse in the GI tract

A

with ganglia located within submucosa and muscularis externa

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30
Q

what are clusters of parasympathetic ganglia within submucosa called

A

Meissner’s plexus or submucosal plexus

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31
Q

what are large clusters located between inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers called

A

myenteric or Auerbach’s plexus

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32
Q

describe the esophagus

A

short muscular tube lined by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

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33
Q

in the upper third of the esophagus what is the muscularis externa composed of

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

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34
Q

in the middle third of the esophagus what is the muscularis externa composed of

A

skeletal muscle and smooth muscle

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35
Q

in the lower third of the esophagus what is the muscularis externa composed of

A

smooth muscle only

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36
Q

what does the gastro-esophageal junction between the esophagus and the stomach contain

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

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37
Q

what is pyrosis and what is its cause

A

heartburn, due to regurgitation of stomach acid into distal esophagus from cardia of stomach

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38
Q

what are the regions of the stomach

A

cardia, fundus, and pylorus

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39
Q

what is the cardia surrounded by

A

smooth muscle cardiac sphincter

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40
Q

what does the cardiac sphincter contain

A

mucus secreting glands

41
Q

what is another name for the cardiac sphincter

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

42
Q

what is the fundus and what does it secrete

A

glandular portion of stomach; secretes acid, pepsin and some mucus

43
Q

what is another name for the body of the stomach

A

corpus

44
Q

what does the pylorus contain

A

primarily mucus and gastrin secreting glands

45
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter made of and what does it control

A

made of smooth muscle and controls the outflow from stomach into duodenum

46
Q

what happens in peptic/gastric ulcer

A

loss of stomach/duodenal epithelium/mucosa

47
Q

where does damage extend to in an ulcer

A

below level of basement membrane which results in bleeding

48
Q

where does damage extend to in erosion

A

partial loss of epithelium which does not result in bleeding

49
Q

how are peptic/gastric ulcers treated

A

with antacids

50
Q

what are ulcers frequently associated with

A

chronic infection with helicobacter pylori

51
Q

what does helicobacter pylori produce

A

urease which increases gastric pH which increases acid production

52
Q

how are ulcers associated with helicobacter pylori treated

A

with triple therapy- 2 long term antibiotics and proton pump inhibitor

53
Q

how does food undergo mechanical breakdown in the stomach

A

via muscular activity

54
Q

how does food undergo chemical breakdown in the stomach

A

via gastric secretions to form chyme

55
Q

what is the third layer of the muscularis externa in the stomach called

A

inner oblique

56
Q

what is absorbed in the stomach

A

little absorption occurs except water, alcohol and some drugs such as aspirin

57
Q

what are the prominent longitudinal folds in the stomach lining called

A

rugae

58
Q

what does the mucosa in the glandular body of the stomach contain

A

gastric pits

59
Q

what do gastric pits form the entrance to

A

gastric glands

60
Q

describe gastric glands

A

straight, tubular glands

61
Q

what does gastric juice contain

A

HCl, pepsinogen, gastrin, rennin, lipase

62
Q

what is pepsinogen and what does it do

A

inactive precursor of pepsin that hydrolyzes protein

63
Q

what is pepsinogen converted to pepsin by

A

action of HCl

64
Q

what is the mucosa of the stomach protected by

A

thick layer of mucus

65
Q

what are the 5 types of cells in gastric glands

A

mucus secreting cells, surface mucus cells, mucus neck cells, acid secreting cells, pepsin secreting cells

66
Q

where are mucus secreting cells found

A

cover luminal surface and upper third of pit

67
Q

what do surface mucus cells secrete and where are they located

A

secrete thick, insoluble mucus and bicarbonate ions; located on surface

68
Q

what do mucus neck cells secrete and where are they located

A

secrete soluble mucus, located in upper third of pit, at neck of gastric gland

69
Q

what is another name for acid secreting cells

A

parietal cells

70
Q

what do acid secreting cells do

A

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

71
Q

what is intrinsic factor necessary for

A

absorption of Vitamin B12 from ileum

72
Q

where are acid secreting cells most numerous and what color do they stain

A

in middle third of gland and stain pink to purple

73
Q

what is another name for pepsin secreting cells

A

chief cells

74
Q

what do pepsin secreting cells secrete and where are they located

A

secrete inactive pepsinogen and located at the base of gland (bottom third)

75
Q

what color do pepsin secreting cells stain and why

A

purple due to large numbers of ribosomes

76
Q

what color do mucus secreting cells stain on H and E

A

clear

77
Q

how often are mucus secreting cells renewed

A

3-7 days

78
Q

how often are parietal and chief cells replaced

A

every year

79
Q

what are parietal and chief cells controlled by

A

autonomic nervous system and hormones from endocrine cells in region of pylorus

80
Q

what does APUD cells stand for

A

amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation

81
Q

what are enteroendocrine cells

A

paracrine cells

82
Q

what do enteroendocrine cells do

A

secrete variety of peptide hormones such as gastrin and secretin in response to local factors
- control GI motility and gastric secretion

83
Q

what secretes gastrin and what does it do

A

secreted by G cells, stimulates secretion of HCl and pepsin

84
Q

what secretes somatostatin and what does it do

A

secreted by D cells and inhibits secretion of gastrin

85
Q

what secretes secretin and what does it do

A

secreted by S cells and inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates smooth muscle contraction

86
Q

where are undifferentiated stem cells located

A

in the neck of gland

87
Q

what is the main function of the small intestine

A

primary site of absorption and digestion

88
Q

what are the relative lengths of small intestine

A

ileum> jejunum> duodenum

89
Q

what are plica circulares and where are they located

A

valve like folds/rings in the mucosa and submucosa throughout the small intestine

90
Q

what is the function of plica circulares

A

increase surface area and contain submucosal core

91
Q

what is the mucosal surface made up of and what is its core

A

made of villi that have a core of lamina propria

92
Q

what are between the villi

A

crypts of lieberkuhn

93
Q

what is coeliac disease and what happens

A

gluten enteropathy that causes villus blunting and atrophy resulting in malabsorption and weight loss

94
Q

what is the epithelium supported by and what does it contain

A

supported by connective tissue lamina propria, containing capillaries and lymphatics for absorption of nutrients

95
Q

what are intestinal villi lined by

A

simple columnar epithelium

96
Q

what are mucosal cells of the small intestine called

A

enterocytes

97
Q

what is the brush border

A

apical/luminal surface highly folded, modified into microvilli

98
Q

what is the function of the brush border

A

increased surface area for absorption coated with protected glycocalyx of disaccharides

99
Q

what is the site of membrane digestion at the brush border

A

glycocalyx of disaccharides

Histology (27 decks)

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