Endocrine Glands Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how does the endocrine system communicate

A

via chemical messengers (hormones), secretory products of endocrine cells, carried by bloodstream to target tissue containing receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are endocrine organs composed of and characterized by

A

secretory cells of epithelial origin and characterized by prominent nuclei and numerous organells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how do endocrine organs secrete hormones

A

lack ducts and secrete hormones into surrounding interstitial space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe the blood supply in endocrine organs

A

rich blood supply with fenestrated capillary networks to absorb and transport hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do endocrine organs integrate

A

function of physiologic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

-coordinates endocrine functions of the body
- acts as intermediary between autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what tissue types are present in pancreas

A

endocrine and exocrine tissue intermixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is another term for the pituitary gland

A

hypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe the pituitary gland

A

~1cm diameter, specialized appendage of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

beneath third ventricle in sella turcica (“Turkish Saddle”) of sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what controls the secretion of pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the blood supply of the pituitary gland

A

includes hypophyseal portal system which allows communication with hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

controls secretion of anterior pituitary via hypothalamic regulating factors (hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do releasing factors do

A

stimulate secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do inhibitory factors do

A

inhibit secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 2 groups of pituitary hormones

A

direct acting hormones and trophic hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the target organ of direct acting hormones and examples

A

non-endocrine target organ
ex: GH, ADH, MSH, oxytocin, prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the target organ of trophic hormones and examples

A

another endocrine gland
ex: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the pituitary dependent endocrine glands

A

thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the pituitary divided into

A

functional, anatomical, and embryological anterior and posterior portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the anterior pituitary gland contain

A

glandular epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the posterior pituitary gland contain

A

neural secretory tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are other names for the anterior pituitary

A

-“master gland”
- adenohypophysis
-pars anterior
- pars distalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the anterior pituitary derived from

A

evagination of ectoderm from oral cavity in region of pharynx called Rathke’s Pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the 3 distinct regions of the anterior pituitary tha Rathkes pouch differentiates into

A

-pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe pars distalis

A

bulk of anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

describe pars intermedia

A

thin layer between anterior and posterior pituitary, contains remnants of Rathke’s pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does pars intermedia secrete

A

MSH and ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

describe pars tuberalis

A

extension of anterior pituitary, forms infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the direct acting hormones that pars distalis secretes

A

GH and prolactin

31
Q

what are the trophic hormones that pars distalis secretes

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH

32
Q

what are the types of secretory cells of anterior pituitary

A

chromphils and chromophobes

33
Q

what are the 2 types of chromophils

A

acidoophils and basopohils

34
Q

what do acidophils stain

A

pink with acidic dye

35
Q

what do basophils stain

A

purple with basic bye

36
Q

what color are chromophobes

A

dont take up either dye, clear, small cells

37
Q

what do chromophobes represent

A

inactive cells

38
Q

what are the types of acidophils and what do they secrete

A

-somatotrophs -secrete GH
-mammotrophs- secrete prolactin

39
Q

what are the types of basophils and what do they secrete

A

-thyrotrophs- secrete TSH
- gonadotrophs- FSH and LH
- corticotrophs- ACTH, MSH, endorphins

40
Q

what is another term for posterior pituitary

A

neurohypophysis or pars nervosa

41
Q

where is the posterior pituitary located

A

ventral to hypothalamus

42
Q

what does the infundibulum contain

A

axons of neurosecretory origin

43
Q

what does the posterior pituitary consist of

A

downgrowths of nervous tissue from floor of diencephalon
-support cells called pituicytes and neurosecretory nerve axons

44
Q

what do the axons in the posterior pituitary store and release

A

products from nerve cell bodies in hypothalamus

45
Q

what is neurosecretion

A

seceretion of posterior pituitary hormones by axons from nerve cells in hypothalamus

46
Q

what is neurosecretion regulated by

A

hypothalamic hypophyseal feedback loop

47
Q

what 2 hormones does the hypothalamus secrete via posterior pituitary

A

ADH and oxytocin

48
Q

what are ADH and oxytocin stored in

A

neurosecretory granules in dilations of axons of posterior pituitary known as herring bodies

49
Q

what does ADH do

A

controls BP by altering permeability of renal collecting tubules

50
Q

what does decreased production of ADH do to urine

A

increased urine production

51
Q

what is ADH synthesized by

A

neuron cell bodies in supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

52
Q

what does oxytocin do

A

promotes smooth muscle contraction in uterus and breast

53
Q

what is oxytocin synthesized by

A

neuron cell bodies in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

54
Q

describe the thyroid gland and its location

A

bilateral, lobulated, endocrine gland on anterior/ventral neck

55
Q

what are the left and right sides of the thyroid connected by

A

isthmus

56
Q

what is the thyroid gland surrounded by

A

loose CT capsule with fine CT septa

57
Q

what is the thyroid gland embryologically derived from

A

epithelial downgrowth of fetal tongue

58
Q

what does the thyroid gland store

A

large amounts of inactive hormone, an eosinophilic, glycoprotein called thyroglobulin

59
Q

where is thyroglobulin stored and what lines it

A

in extracellular follicles, lined by simple cuboidal epithelium

60
Q

what is iodine secreted as by follicular epithelial cells

A

thryoglobulin via apical microvilli

61
Q

what is the result of iodination

A

active hormone

62
Q

what are the active thyroid hormones

A

T3- triiodothyronine
T4- tetraiodothyronine - thyroxine

63
Q

where and how is T4 converted into T3

A

diodinated in the liver

64
Q

what do T3 and T4 do

A

regulate BMR, growth and development of nervous system

65
Q

what is the result of thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal development

A

impairs neural development and myelination resulting in physical stunting and mental retardation (Cretinism)

66
Q

what are C cells

A

secretory cells in thyroid gland- parafollicular clles

67
Q

where are C cells located

A

at periphery of follicles or scattered within CT

68
Q

what do C cells do

A

-secrete calcitonin
-synthesis, storage and release of thyroid hormones under control of TSH from anterior pituitary

69
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

decrease serum calcium and inhibits osteoclasts

70
Q

what is goiter

A

enlargement of thyroid

71
Q

what happens in hyperthyroidism

A

increase in number and size of follicle cells

72
Q

what happens in hypothyroidism

A

autoimmune reaction results in decrease in size of gland

73
Q

what does insufficient dietary iodine result in

A

decrease TH production, possible hypertrophy with non-functional thyroglobulin