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Histology > Endocrine Glands Part 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine Glands Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how does the endocrine system communicate

A

via chemical messengers (hormones), secretory products of endocrine cells, carried by bloodstream to target tissue containing receptors

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2
Q

what are endocrine organs composed of and characterized by

A

secretory cells of epithelial origin and characterized by prominent nuclei and numerous organells

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3
Q

how do endocrine organs secrete hormones

A

lack ducts and secrete hormones into surrounding interstitial space

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4
Q

describe the blood supply in endocrine organs

A

rich blood supply with fenestrated capillary networks to absorb and transport hormones

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5
Q

what do endocrine organs integrate

A

function of physiologic systems

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6
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

-coordinates endocrine functions of the body
- acts as intermediary between autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

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7
Q

what tissue types are present in pancreas

A

endocrine and exocrine tissue intermixed

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8
Q

what is another term for the pituitary gland

A

hypophysis

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9
Q

describe the pituitary gland

A

~1cm diameter, specialized appendage of brain

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10
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

beneath third ventricle in sella turcica (“Turkish Saddle”) of sphenoid bone

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11
Q

what controls the secretion of pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamus

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12
Q

describe the blood supply of the pituitary gland

A

includes hypophyseal portal system which allows communication with hypothalamus

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13
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

controls secretion of anterior pituitary via hypothalamic regulating factors (hormones)

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14
Q

what do releasing factors do

A

stimulate secretion

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15
Q

what do inhibitory factors do

A

inhibit secretion

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16
Q

what are the 2 groups of pituitary hormones

A

direct acting hormones and trophic hormones

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17
Q

what is the target organ of direct acting hormones and examples

A

non-endocrine target organ
ex: GH, ADH, MSH, oxytocin, prolactin

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18
Q

what is the target organ of trophic hormones and examples

A

another endocrine gland
ex: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

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19
Q

what are the pituitary dependent endocrine glands

A

thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads

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20
Q

what is the pituitary divided into

A

functional, anatomical, and embryological anterior and posterior portions

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21
Q

what does the anterior pituitary gland contain

A

glandular epithelial tissue

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22
Q

what does the posterior pituitary gland contain

A

neural secretory tissue

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23
Q

what are other names for the anterior pituitary

A

-“master gland”
- adenohypophysis
-pars anterior
- pars distalis

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24
Q

what is the anterior pituitary derived from

A

evagination of ectoderm from oral cavity in region of pharynx called Rathke’s Pouch

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25
what are the 3 distinct regions of the anterior pituitary tha Rathkes pouch differentiates into
-pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis
26
describe pars distalis
bulk of anterior pituitary
27
describe pars intermedia
thin layer between anterior and posterior pituitary, contains remnants of Rathke's pouch
28
what does pars intermedia secrete
MSH and ACTH
29
describe pars tuberalis
extension of anterior pituitary, forms infundibulum
30
what are the direct acting hormones that pars distalis secretes
GH and prolactin
31
what are the trophic hormones that pars distalis secretes
TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH
32
what are the types of secretory cells of anterior pituitary
chromphils and chromophobes
33
what are the 2 types of chromophils
acidoophils and basopohils
34
what do acidophils stain
pink with acidic dye
35
what do basophils stain
purple with basic bye
36
what color are chromophobes
dont take up either dye, clear, small cells
37
what do chromophobes represent
inactive cells
38
what are the types of acidophils and what do they secrete
-somatotrophs -secrete GH -mammotrophs- secrete prolactin
39
what are the types of basophils and what do they secrete
-thyrotrophs- secrete TSH - gonadotrophs- FSH and LH - corticotrophs- ACTH, MSH, endorphins
40
what is another term for posterior pituitary
neurohypophysis or pars nervosa
41
where is the posterior pituitary located
ventral to hypothalamus
42
what does the infundibulum contain
axons of neurosecretory origin
43
what does the posterior pituitary consist of
downgrowths of nervous tissue from floor of diencephalon -support cells called pituicytes and neurosecretory nerve axons
44
what do the axons in the posterior pituitary store and release
products from nerve cell bodies in hypothalamus
45
what is neurosecretion
seceretion of posterior pituitary hormones by axons from nerve cells in hypothalamus
46
what is neurosecretion regulated by
hypothalamic hypophyseal feedback loop
47
what 2 hormones does the hypothalamus secrete via posterior pituitary
ADH and oxytocin
48
what are ADH and oxytocin stored in
neurosecretory granules in dilations of axons of posterior pituitary known as herring bodies
49
what does ADH do
controls BP by altering permeability of renal collecting tubules
50
what does decreased production of ADH do to urine
increased urine production
51
what is ADH synthesized by
neuron cell bodies in supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
52
what does oxytocin do
promotes smooth muscle contraction in uterus and breast
53
what is oxytocin synthesized by
neuron cell bodies in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
54
describe the thyroid gland and its location
bilateral, lobulated, endocrine gland on anterior/ventral neck
55
what are the left and right sides of the thyroid connected by
isthmus
56
what is the thyroid gland surrounded by
loose CT capsule with fine CT septa
57
what is the thyroid gland embryologically derived from
epithelial downgrowth of fetal tongue
58
what does the thyroid gland store
large amounts of inactive hormone, an eosinophilic, glycoprotein called thyroglobulin
59
where is thyroglobulin stored and what lines it
in extracellular follicles, lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
60
what is iodine secreted as by follicular epithelial cells
thryoglobulin via apical microvilli
61
what is the result of iodination
active hormone
62
what are the active thyroid hormones
T3- triiodothyronine T4- tetraiodothyronine - thyroxine
63
where and how is T4 converted into T3
diodinated in the liver
64
what do T3 and T4 do
regulate BMR, growth and development of nervous system
65
what is the result of thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal development
impairs neural development and myelination resulting in physical stunting and mental retardation (Cretinism)
66
what are C cells
secretory cells in thyroid gland- parafollicular clles
67
where are C cells located
at periphery of follicles or scattered within CT
68
what do C cells do
-secrete calcitonin -synthesis, storage and release of thyroid hormones under control of TSH from anterior pituitary
69
what does calcitonin do
decrease serum calcium and inhibits osteoclasts
70
what is goiter
enlargement of thyroid
71
what happens in hyperthyroidism
increase in number and size of follicle cells
72
what happens in hypothyroidism
autoimmune reaction results in decrease in size of gland
73
what does insufficient dietary iodine result in
decrease TH production, possible hypertrophy with non-functional thyroglobulin

Histology (27 decks)

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