Erythrocytes

Question 1

what percentage does plasma make up of blood?

Answer 1

55%

Question 2

what are the components of blood with percent makeup

Answer 2

• 91-92% water
• 1-2% electrolytes (Na, Ca, K, HCO3)
• 7-8% protein

Question 3

what is serum

Answer 3

plasma-clotting factors

Question 4

what are the functions of blood

Answer 4

• transports nutrients, O2, Co2, waste products and hormones

- thermoregulation and homeostasis

Question 5

what is the average blood volume in adults

Answer 5

5 liters

Question 6

what are the plasma proteins

Answer 6

albumin, globulins, and fibrinogens

Question 7

where are albumins made and what is their function

Answer 7

made in the liver
-function as transport proteins for insoluble materials (fats) and are responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure in blood vessels

Question 8

what are globulins used for

Answer 8

transport proteins for lipids and heavy metal ions

Question 9

what is the largest fraction of globulins and what are they synthesized by

Answer 9

immunoglobulins- Ab’s synthesized by plasma cells

Question 10

where are fibrinogens synthesized and what is their function

Answer 10

made by the liver
-function to polymerize to form insoluble fibrin during clotting (prothrombin -> thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen -> fibrin)

Question 11

where does hemopoiesis occur

Answer 11

bone marrow of certain bones

- especially flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis and some long bones

Question 12

what does hemopoiesis form

Answer 12

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

Question 13

what is hematocrit and the levels in males and females

Answer 13

volume of RBCs
males - 45%
females - 42%

Question 14

what is polycythemia vera and what are the symptoms in females and males (blood test wise)

Answer 14

a type of blood cancer that causes the body to produce too many RBCs

• males have greater than 52%
• females have greater than 48%

Question 15

what is PCV (packed cell volume)

Answer 15

basically hematocrit sometimes includes buffy coat

Question 16

what is the buffy coat and how much does it make up of the blood

Answer 16

WBCs and platelets (about 1-2%)

Question 17

what is a blood smear

Answer 17

drop of blood smeared, air dried, stained with modified Romanovsky method

Question 18

what happens in homopoiesis

Answer 18

a process by which mature blood cells develop from precursor cells

Question 19

what is erythropoiesis

Answer 19

red blood cell production

Question 20

what is myeolpoiesis

Answer 20

white blood cell production

Question 21

what enzyme control hemopoiesis and where is it secreted by

Answer 21

erythropoietin secreted by the kidney

Question 22

what cell type does hemopoiesis begin with and differentiate into

Answer 22

begins with pluripotential stem cells that differentiate into several unipotential stem cell lines

Question 23

how many RBCs does hemopoiesis put out daily

Answer 23

2.5 billion

Question 24

where does hemopoiesis first occur in fetus in first trimester

Answer 24

blood islands in wall of yolk sac

Question 25

where does hemopoiesis occur in fetus in second trimester

Answer 25

liver and lymphatic tissue

Question 26

where does hemopoiesis occur in fetus in last month of pregnancy

Answer 26

bone marrow

Question 27

what type of bone marrow is active in blood cell production

Answer 27

red marrow

Question 28

what type of marrow is inactive

Answer 28

yellow or fatty marrow

Question 29

what are the stages of erythropoiesis

Answer 29

stem cell (CFU-E) -> proerythroblast->erythroblast/normoblast -> reticulocyte -> mature RBC

Question 30

what are some visual trends during erythropoiesis

Answer 30

decrease in cell size, loss of nucleus and organelles, increase in concentration of hemoglobin

Question 31

why do cells appear darker in the beginning of erythropoiesis

Answer 31

because they still have nuclei

Question 32

during what stage does decreased cell size and loss of nucleus occur in erythropoiesis

Answer 32

normoblast

Question 33

how do RBCs make energy

Answer 33

glycolysis because they only have a cytoplasm

Question 34

what removes old RBCs

Answer 34

liver and spleen

Question 35

what are howell-jolly bodies in erythropoiesis

Answer 35

occasional, basophilic nuclear remnants visible in cytoplasm

Question 36

what are reticulocytes

Answer 36

immature RBCs with stippled cytoplasm, still have some rRNA

Question 37

how do you identify reticulocytes

Answer 37

faint, small, blue/purple spots

Question 38

what is reticulocytosis

Answer 38

increased reticulocytes in circulation

Question 39

when would we see reticulocytosis

Answer 39

chronic blood loss, hemolytic anemia, infections

Question 40

where would we see macrocytes

Answer 40

Vit B12 and B9 deficiencies

Question 41

how do you identify megaloblastic anemia in a slide

Answer 41

large numbers of erythrocyte stem cells in blood

Question 42

what happens to the hematocrit in reticulocytosis

Answer 42

it is lower than normal

Question 43

how big are erythrocytes

Answer 43

6-8 micrometers

Question 44

what is the primary structural protein in RBCs

Answer 44

spectrin

Question 45

what is the function of spectrin

Answer 45

provides resiliency and deformability

Question 46

where does spectrin bind

Answer 46

inner surface of plasma membrane

Question 47

what is a benefit of the bioconcave shape of red blood cells

Answer 47

increased SA for gas exchange

Question 48

describe the structure of hemoglobin (Hb)

Answer 48

4 polypeptide chains associated with 4 Fe containing heme groups

Question 49

how would you describe iron deficiency anemia based on stain appearance

Answer 49

microcytic and hypochromic

Question 50

what does microcytic describe

Answer 50

small RBCs

Question 51

what is sickle cell anemia caused by (genetically)

Answer 51

a substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 of beta globulin chain

Question 52

what is malaria caused by

Answer 52

intracellular blood parasite, plasmodium spp

Question 53

describe what platelets are

Answer 53

small, non nucleated cells containing organelles | - "cell fragments"

Question 54

what are platelets formed from

Answer 54

large, polyploid cells in bone marrow called megakaryocytes

Question 55

describe the appearance of megakaryocytes on a slide

Answer 55

singel, multi lobed nucleus

Question 56

what are demarcation channels

Answer 56

happens when platelets "tear off"

Question 57

whats the lifespan of platelets

Answer 57

8-12 days

Question 58

what is the function of platelets

Answer 58

blood clotting

Question 59

when does coagulation occur

Answer 59

if endothelial lining of vessel in injured

Question 60

describe the extrinsic pathway in coagulation

Answer 60

initiated by the release of tissue thromboplastin as a result of tissue damage

Question 61

describe the intrinsic pathway of coagulation

Answer 61

initiated by exposure of collagen and requires numerous clotting factors

Question 62

which pathway is faster in coagulation

Answer 62

extrinsic

Question 63

describe the pathway in coagulation

Answer 63

- release of thromboplastin initiates extrinsic pathway. this exposes collagen which initiates the intrinsic pathway. platelets adhere to collagen and release serotonin. - pathways converge to form common pathway that converges prothrombin to thrombin and converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin

Question 64

what stops clotting

Answer 64

exhaustion of fibrinogen and removal of thrombin from blood during converion of fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 65

what are some anticoagulant medications

Answer 65

antithrombin III and heparin

Question 66

what is hemophilia

Answer 66

deficiency in clotting factors so blot cant clot (defect in intrinsic pathway) - sex linked in males

Question 67

what is hemophilia A

Answer 67

deficiency of clotting factor VIII

Question 68

what is hemophilia B

Answer 68

factor IX deficiency

Question 69

what is hemophilia C

Answer 69

factor XI deficieny