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Histology > Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage does plasma make up of blood?

A

55%

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2
Q

what are the components of blood with percent makeup

A
  • 91-92% water
  • 1-2% electrolytes (Na, Ca, K, HCO3)
  • 7-8% protein
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3
Q

what is serum

A

plasma-clotting factors

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4
Q

what are the functions of blood

A
  • transports nutrients, O2, Co2, waste products and hormones

- thermoregulation and homeostasis

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5
Q

what is the average blood volume in adults

A

5 liters

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6
Q

what are the plasma proteins

A

albumin, globulins, and fibrinogens

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7
Q

where are albumins made and what is their function

A

made in the liver
-function as transport proteins for insoluble materials (fats) and are responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure in blood vessels

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8
Q

what are globulins used for

A

transport proteins for lipids and heavy metal ions

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9
Q

what is the largest fraction of globulins and what are they synthesized by

A

immunoglobulins- Ab’s synthesized by plasma cells

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10
Q

where are fibrinogens synthesized and what is their function

A

made by the liver
-function to polymerize to form insoluble fibrin during clotting (prothrombin -> thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen -> fibrin)

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11
Q

where does hemopoiesis occur

A

bone marrow of certain bones

- especially flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis and some long bones

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12
Q

what does hemopoiesis form

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

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13
Q

what is hematocrit and the levels in males and females

A

volume of RBCs
males - 45%
females - 42%

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14
Q

what is polycythemia vera and what are the symptoms in females and males (blood test wise)

A

a type of blood cancer that causes the body to produce too many RBCs

  • males have greater than 52%
  • females have greater than 48%
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15
Q

what is PCV (packed cell volume)

A

basically hematocrit sometimes includes buffy coat

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16
Q

what is the buffy coat and how much does it make up of the blood

A

WBCs and platelets (about 1-2%)

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17
Q

what is a blood smear

A

drop of blood smeared, air dried, stained with modified Romanovsky method

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18
Q

what happens in homopoiesis

A

a process by which mature blood cells develop from precursor cells

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19
Q

what is erythropoiesis

A

red blood cell production

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20
Q

what is myeolpoiesis

A

white blood cell production

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21
Q

what enzyme control hemopoiesis and where is it secreted by

A

erythropoietin secreted by the kidney

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22
Q

what cell type does hemopoiesis begin with and differentiate into

A

begins with pluripotential stem cells that differentiate into several unipotential stem cell lines

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23
Q

how many RBCs does hemopoiesis put out daily

A

2.5 billion

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24
Q

where does hemopoiesis first occur in fetus in first trimester

A

blood islands in wall of yolk sac

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25
Q

where does hemopoiesis occur in fetus in second trimester

A

liver and lymphatic tissue

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26
Q

where does hemopoiesis occur in fetus in last month of pregnancy

A

bone marrow

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27
Q

what type of bone marrow is active in blood cell production

A

red marrow

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28
Q

what type of marrow is inactive

A

yellow or fatty marrow

29
Q

what are the stages of erythropoiesis

A

stem cell (CFU-E) -> proerythroblast->erythroblast/normoblast -> reticulocyte -> mature RBC

30
Q

what are some visual trends during erythropoiesis

A

decrease in cell size, loss of nucleus and organelles, increase in concentration of hemoglobin

31
Q

why do cells appear darker in the beginning of erythropoiesis

A

because they still have nuclei

32
Q

during what stage does decreased cell size and loss of nucleus occur in erythropoiesis

A

normoblast

33
Q

how do RBCs make energy

A

glycolysis because they only have a cytoplasm

34
Q

what removes old RBCs

A

liver and spleen

35
Q

what are howell-jolly bodies in erythropoiesis

A

occasional, basophilic nuclear remnants visible in cytoplasm

36
Q

what are reticulocytes

A

immature RBCs with stippled cytoplasm, still have some rRNA

37
Q

how do you identify reticulocytes

A

faint, small, blue/purple spots

38
Q

what is reticulocytosis

A

increased reticulocytes in circulation

39
Q

when would we see reticulocytosis

A

chronic blood loss, hemolytic anemia, infections

40
Q

where would we see macrocytes

A

Vit B12 and B9 deficiencies

41
Q

how do you identify megaloblastic anemia in a slide

A

large numbers of erythrocyte stem cells in blood

42
Q

what happens to the hematocrit in reticulocytosis

A

it is lower than normal

43
Q

how big are erythrocytes

A

6-8 micrometers

44
Q

what is the primary structural protein in RBCs

A

spectrin

45
Q

what is the function of spectrin

A

provides resiliency and deformability

46
Q

where does spectrin bind

A

inner surface of plasma membrane

47
Q

what is a benefit of the bioconcave shape of red blood cells

A

increased SA for gas exchange

48
Q

describe the structure of hemoglobin (Hb)

A

4 polypeptide chains associated with 4 Fe containing heme groups

49
Q

how would you describe iron deficiency anemia based on stain appearance

A

microcytic and hypochromic

50
Q

what does microcytic describe

A

small RBCs

51
Q

what is sickle cell anemia caused by (genetically)

A

a substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 of beta globulin chain

52
Q

what is malaria caused by

A

intracellular blood parasite, plasmodium spp

53
Q

describe what platelets are

A

small, non nucleated cells containing organelles

- “cell fragments”

54
Q

what are platelets formed from

A

large, polyploid cells in bone marrow called megakaryocytes

55
Q

describe the appearance of megakaryocytes on a slide

A

singel, multi lobed nucleus

56
Q

what are demarcation channels

A

happens when platelets “tear off”

57
Q

whats the lifespan of platelets

A

8-12 days

58
Q

what is the function of platelets

A

blood clotting

59
Q

when does coagulation occur

A

if endothelial lining of vessel in injured

60
Q

describe the extrinsic pathway in coagulation

A

initiated by the release of tissue thromboplastin as a result of tissue damage

61
Q

describe the intrinsic pathway of coagulation

A

initiated by exposure of collagen and requires numerous clotting factors

62
Q

which pathway is faster in coagulation

A

extrinsic

63
Q

describe the pathway in coagulation

A
  • release of thromboplastin initiates extrinsic pathway. this exposes collagen which initiates the intrinsic pathway. platelets adhere to collagen and release serotonin.
  • pathways converge to form common pathway that converges prothrombin to thrombin and converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
64
Q

what stops clotting

A

exhaustion of fibrinogen and removal of thrombin from blood during converion of fibrinogen to fibrin

65
Q

what are some anticoagulant medications

A

antithrombin III and heparin

66
Q

what is hemophilia

A

deficiency in clotting factors so blot cant clot (defect in intrinsic pathway)
- sex linked in males

67
Q

what is hemophilia A

A

deficiency of clotting factor VIII

68
Q

what is hemophilia B

A

factor IX deficiency

69
Q

what is hemophilia C

A

factor XI deficieny

Histology (27 decks)

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