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Histology > Urinary system part 1 > Flashcards

Urinary system part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the urinary system responsible for

A

water and electrolyte homeostasis, osmoregulation, and acid-based balance

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2
Q

what is the primary secretory function of the urinary system

A

excretion of toxic and metabolic waste products, especially urea and creatinine

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3
Q

what is creatinine

A

nitrogen containing compounds from metabolism of proteins

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4
Q

what is urea

A

primary nitrogenous waste products in mammals, SOLUBLE

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5
Q

which is soluble: urea or uric acid

A

urea

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6
Q

what does BUN stand for and what does it include

A

blood urea nitrogen- includes urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonia

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7
Q

what is the kidney responsible for

A

metabolism and excretion of various drugs

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8
Q

what do kidneys synthesize and how does it contribute to their function

A

renin and maintain a normal BP via renin- angiotensin- aldosterone system

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9
Q

what produces erythropoietin and what does it do

A

produced by kidney, stimulates RBC production

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10
Q

what converts vitamin D from its inactive to active form

A

liver and kidney

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11
Q

describe the kidney

A

retroperitoneal organs with fibrous connective tissue capsule

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12
Q

where do blood vessels and ureters enter/exit the kidney

A

at the hilus

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13
Q

what is each kidney supplied by and what does it branch into

A

renal artery which branches to form interlobar arteries -> arcuate arteries -> interlobular arteries -> afferent arterioles to glomeruli

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14
Q

what does the cortex contain

A

mostly renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules

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15
Q

what does the medulla contain

A

mostly loops of henle, collecting tubules, collecting ducts

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16
Q

describe the transitional epithelium unique to urinary tract

A

varying number of layers- stratified, cuboidal to polygonal with scalloped outline “umbrella cells”

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17
Q

what does the highly distensible nature of the transitional epithelium allow for

A

changing urine volumes

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18
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

the nephron

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19
Q

what is the nephron embryologically derived from

A

nephrogenic blastema- part of the developing urogenital ridge

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20
Q

what are the 3 major types of nephrons

A

-cortical or subcapsular
- juxtamedullary
-intermediate

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21
Q

where are cortical nephrons located and describe their loops of henle

A

located in outer rim of cortex and have short loops of henle

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22
Q

where are juxtamedullary neprhons located and describe their loops of henle

A

located adjacent to medulla, have long loops of henle

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23
Q

where are intermediate nephrons located and describe their loops of henle

A

in middle of cortex, have intermediate length loops of henle

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24
Q

what are the two major components to a nephron

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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25
Q

what does the renal corpuscle do

A

filter blood plasma

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26
Q

what does the renal tubule do

A

collects filtrate

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27
Q

what are the 2 components of the renal corpuscle

A

bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

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28
Q

describe the capsule epithelium

A

single layer of squamous epithelial cells resting on basement membrane

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29
Q

what is another term for the capsule epithelium

A

parietal layer

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30
Q

what does the parietal layer form

A

hollow, dilated end of proximal convoluted tubule, surrounding glomerulus

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31
Q

what does the parietal layer continue onto glomerulus as

A

visceral layer

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32
Q

what are podocytes

A

highly modified cells of visceral layer

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33
Q

where is Bowman’s space

A

between visceral and parietal layer

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34
Q

what does Bowman’s space do

A

collects glomerular filtrate and empties into renal tubule

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35
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

network of densely packed, anastomosing, fenestrated capillaries

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36
Q

what is the glomerulus supplied by

A

afferent and efferent arterioles

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37
Q

what does blood plasma become after it passes through several cell layers

A

filtrate

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38
Q

what is filtrate

A

water and small molecular weight molecules filtered from blood into Bowman’s space

39
Q

what does the first layer of the glomerulus consist of

A

capillary endothelial cells of glomerulus and glomerular basement membrane

40
Q

why is the luminal surface of capillary endothelium negatively charged

A

due to surface layer of glycoprotein podocalyxin

41
Q

what does podocalyxin do

A

sets up negatively charged barrier, prevents loss of anions, large protein molecules

42
Q

what does the glomerular basement membrane act as

A

physical barrier and ion selective filter

43
Q

what is the subpodocyte space

A

space between capillary basement membrane and second layer of cells

44
Q

what do podocytes surround

A

glomerular capillaries that possess cytoplasmic extensions known as foot processes

45
Q

what do long primary foot processes give off

A

secondary foot processes called pedicels

46
Q

what are the spaces between processes called

A

filtration slits

47
Q

what do filtration slits contain

A

slit diaphragms made of nephrin

48
Q

what do slit diaphragms do

A

act as additional barrier and restrict passage of large macromolecules, proteins, negatively charged molecules and blood cells

49
Q

what is the function of podocytes

A

phagocytic and can remove trapped macromolecules

50
Q

what is resultant glomerular ultrafiltrate passed to

A

renal tubule

51
Q

what are the 4 distinct zones of the renal tubule

A

-PCT
-loop of henle
- DCT
- collecting tubule/duct

52
Q

what is the renal tubule lined by

A

simple, cuboidal epithelium

53
Q

what is the primary function of renal tubule

A

selective resorption of water, inorganic ions, and large molecules from glomerular filtrate and concentration of waste products

54
Q

where is the PCT located

A

in the cortex only

55
Q

what happens in the PCT

A

primary site of water resorption (also Na and Cl, and proteins, AAs, and sugars)

56
Q

what is the water resorption in the PCT facilitated by

A

aquaporins

57
Q

what are aquaporins

A

integral proteins forming specialzied pores or channels for transport of H2O in brush border of epithelial cells

58
Q

describe the epithelium in the PCT

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with apical microvilli

59
Q

what are the 4 parts of the loop of henle

A

-pars recta (thick descending limb)
- thin descending limb
- thin ascending limb
- thick ascending limb

60
Q

where is the loop of henle located

A

bulk of loop extends into medulla

61
Q

describe the length of thin limbs in juxtamedullary nephrons and cortical nephrons

A

long in juxtamedullary nephrons and short in cortical nephrons

62
Q

describe the epithelium of the thin limb and thick limb

A

thin limb has simple squamous epithelium and thick limb has simple cuboidal epithelium

63
Q

describe the epithelium of the pars recta

A

brush border of apical microvilli

64
Q

what is the loop of henle surrounded by

A

vasa recta

65
Q

what is the function of the countercurrent multiplier

A

functions to genreate high osmotic pressure in ECF of renal medulla via Na-K pumps in thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

66
Q

how is the cortico-medullary interstitial gradient formed

A

higher extracellular Na in medulla combined with water resorption by PCT in cortex

67
Q

what does the cortico-medullary interstitial gradient produce

A

counter current multiplier system of urine concentration

68
Q

what does the counter current multiplier system of urine concentration result in

A

production of hypertonic urine

69
Q

what is the DCT

A

a continuation of thick ascending limb of loop of henle

70
Q

where is the DCT located

A

in the cortex

71
Q

describe the epithelium of the DCT

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with short apical microvilli but lacks distinct brush border

72
Q

what is the function of the DCT

A

responsible for active resorption of Na and Ca coupled with secretion of H and K ions

73
Q

what 2 cell types is the DCT controlled by

A

principal cells and intercalated cells

74
Q

what do principal cells do

A

resorb Na and water, secrete K

75
Q

what do intercalated cells do

A

resorb K and secrete H

76
Q

what hormone controls the DCT

A

aldosterone

77
Q

what is the collecting tubule

A

terminal portion of the nephron

78
Q

what do several collecting tubules converge to form

A

collecting duct

79
Q

what are collecting tubules visible as

A

medullary rays

80
Q

what epithelium lines collecting tubules

A

thick, simple cuboidal to columbar epithelium

81
Q

where do the collecting tubules converge

A

at renal papilla

82
Q

what is the function of collecting tubules

A

Na resorption, maintenance of acid-base balance, K secretion and resorption

83
Q

what cells do collecting tubules contain

A

principal and intercalated cells

84
Q

are the epithelial cells of the collecting duct permeable to water

A

no, however in presence of ADH collecting tubules become permeable and will resorb water

85
Q

what secretes ADH

A

posterior pituitary

86
Q

what 3 things work together to form counter current exchange mechanism to concentrate urine

A

loop of henle, collecting tubule, and vasa recta

87
Q

what is the difference between PCT and DCT

A

PCT are twice as long and much more convoluted

88
Q

what are most tubules in cortex

A

PCT

89
Q

describe the appearance of PCT and DCT in cross section

A

round with cuboidal epithelium with or without brush border

90
Q

describe the difference in appearance of DCT and PCT

A
  • DCT are more oval to elongate with thinner, flatter but still cuboidal epithlium
  • DCT lighter staining cytoplasm, nuclei are more prominent
91
Q

what is mostly seen in the medulla

A

mostly loop of henle, fewer collecting tubules, and occasional collecting ducts and surrounding blood vessels

92
Q

how do you identify loop of henle in cross section

A

smallest tubules with squamous to cuboidal epithelium

93
Q

how do you identify collecting tubules in cross section

A

medium sized

94
Q

how do you identify collecting ducts in cross section

A

largest, with simple cuboidal epithelium

Histology (27 decks)

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