Connective Tissue

Question 1

what is the function of connective tissue

Answer 1

-provides structural support and metabolic support
- carries blood vessels
-tissue repair
-mediates exchange of nutrients and metabolites between tissue and circulation

Question 2

what is primitive connective tissue derived from

Answer 2

mesodermal mesenchyme

Question 3

describe the appearance of connective tissue

Answer 3

contains spindle shaped cells, jelly like ECM and some fibers

Question 4

what are the cells in connective tissue

Answer 4

fibroblasts, reticular cells, and adipocytes

Question 5

what do fibroblasts look like

Answer 5

pointed, elongated spindle shaped cells

Question 6

what is the function of fibroblasts

Answer 6

synthesize and maintain proteinaceous ground substance and connective tissue fibers

Question 7

what are myofibroblasts

Answer 7

fibroblasts with contractile ability

Question 8

what are reticular cells

Answer 8

a type of fibroblast of lymph nodes and bone marrow

Question 9

what do reticular cells look like

Answer 9

branched fibroblasts

Question 10

what is the function of reticular cells

Answer 10

synthesize reticular fibers, phagocytosis

Question 11

what do adipocytes look like

Answer 11

large, balloon shaped, clear spaces filled with lipid with a dark rim and a nucleus pushed to the outside

Question 12

what do adipocytes do

Answer 12

storage and metabolism of lipids

Question 13

what is another word for extracellular matrix

Answer 13

ground substance

Question 14

what are the fiber types embedded in the matrix

Answer 14

collagen, reticulin, elastin

Question 15

what does collagen do

Answer 15

provides tensile strength

Question 16

what is the most common form of collagen

Answer 16

type 1

Question 17

what does type 1 collagen make up in the body

Answer 17

loose and dense connective tissue of skin, tendons, ligaments, bone and fibrocartilage

Question 18

what are the two types of type 2 collagen

Answer 18

hyaline and elastic

Question 19

what makes up type 3 collagen

Answer 19

reticulin fibers, thin branching net like fibers

Question 20

what does type 3 collagen do

Answer 20

structural support in organs

Question 21

what produces type 3 collagen

Answer 21

reticular cells in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and fibroblasts

Question 22

describe the stain of type 3 collagen

Answer 22

argyrophilic

Question 23

where is type 4 collagen found

Answer 23

basement membranes

Question 24

what type of collagen does ehlers-danlos syndrome affect and what are the symptoms

Answer 24

affects type 5 collage and it is characterized by hyperextension of joints, skin fragility, and poor wound healing

Question 25

describe collagen synthesis

Answer 25

-initially synthesized as procollagen, composed of three alpha polypeptide chains - packed into secretory vesicles and secreted into ECS - modified in ECM to form tropocollagen monomers - polymerization of tropocollagen into larger bundles results in collagen microfibrils -microfibrils combine to form larger collagen fibers, several fibers make up a bundle

Question 26

describe elastic fibers

Answer 26

highly branched - random coiling pattern allows stretching - arranged in fibers and sheets -refractile

Question 27

what synthesizes elastic fibers

Answer 27

fibroblasts that make a tropoelastin precursor. then polymerizes in ECM to form elastin

Question 28

what are the 2 components of elastic fibers

Answer 28

elastin and fibrillin

Question 29

describe elastin

Answer 29

protein core similar to collagen, surrounded by microfibrils of fibrillin

Question 30

what is marfans syndrome

Answer 30

autosomal dominant condition resulting in abnormal elastic fibers

Question 31

what happens to the body in marfans syndrome

Answer 31

- tall stature, long limbs and long thin fingers - enlarged aorta with increased regurgitation and increased risk of developing a dissecting aneurysm

Question 32

what makes up structural glycoproteins

Answer 32

fibrillin and fibronectin

Question 33

where is fibronectin found and what does it do

Answer 33

basement membrane, aids in adhesion between cell membrane and ECM via integrins

Question 34

what are integrins

Answer 34

adhesion molecules

Question 35

what are some non- filamentous molecules that make up basement membranes

Answer 35

laminin, entactin, tenascin

Question 36

what is ground substance

Answer 36

amorphous, transparent material with properties of a semi fluid gel

Question 37

describe the chemical structure of what makes up ground substance

Answer 37

long, unbranched polysaccharide chains of repeating disaccharide units - one of the two sugars is always an amino sugar (GAG)

Question 38

what are proteoglycans

Answer 38

most GAG molecules bind to protein molecules to form these

Question 39

what happens with non-functional or insufficient lysosomal enzymes

Answer 39

lysosomal storage diseases "mucopolysaccharidoses"

Question 40

what is ground substance mostly made of

Answer 40

GAGs, proteoglycans and water

Question 41

whats the most common GAG in loose connective tissue

Answer 41

hyaluronic acid

Question 42

describe the polarity of GAGs

Answer 42

negatively charged due to sulfate and carboxyl side groups, hydrophilic which gives rise to gel like property

Question 43

what are the forms of connective tissue

Answer 43

loose (areolar) connective tissue and dense connective tissue

Question 44

describe the appearance of loose connective tissue

Answer 44

sparse fibers, abundant ground substance, viscous gel like consistency

Question 45

what is the function and location of loose CT

Answer 45

function: support location: beneath epithelia and around nerves and vessels

Question 46

what is the function of dense connective tissue and describe the appearance

Answer 46

provides structural support, abundant fibers, moderate number of cells, less ground substance

Question 47

what are the 2 types of dense CT

Answer 47

regular and irregular

Question 48

describe regular dense CT

Answer 48

collagen fibers oriented parallel to each other, densely packed fibers and cells arranged in fascicles

Question 49

describe irregular dense CT

Answer 49

collagen fibers oriented randomly, moderate number of fibers and few cells

Question 50

what does specialized CT make up

Answer 50

bone, blood, cartilage, adipose tissue, hematopoietic tissue and lymphatic tissue, - mesenchymal and mucus CT in embryo

Question 51

what are adipocytes derived from

Answer 51

lipoblasts

Question 52

what is the function of adipose tissue

Answer 52

energy storage, thermoregulation and shock absorber

Question 53

what are the types of adipose tissue

Answer 53

white fat and brown fat

Question 54

where is white fat located

Answer 54

distributed in dermic and around intraperitoneal organs

Question 55

what is another term for white fat

Answer 55

unilocular

Question 56

what is another term for brown fat

Answer 56

multilocular

Question 57

what is the function of brown fat

Answer 57

thermoregualtion

Question 58

where is brown fat located in humans

Answer 58

adrenals

Question 59

what makes brown fat brown

Answer 59

the large amount of mitochondria

Question 60

what gives brown fat the capability to thermoregulate

Answer 60

the large amount of mitochondria create large amount of energy for heat production