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Histology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary function of bone and cartilage

A

support and locomotion

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2
Q

what is the secondary function of bone and cartilage

A

protection, mineral storage, and hemopoiesis

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3
Q

what are bone and cartilage derived from

A

mesenchymal cells

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4
Q

describe bone vs cartilage

A

bone- rigid
cartilage- semi-rigid

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5
Q

what are the relative strength of bone and cartilage due to

A

properties of ground substance and extracellular fibers

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6
Q

what is cartilage a precursor for

A

bone

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7
Q

explain cartilage formation

A

-begins with stellate mesenchymal cells that differentiate into chondroblasts that grow and make ground substance and fibrous ECM trapping chondroblasts in lacunae
- further mitotic divisions produce mature chondrocytes referred to as isogenous groups separated by ECM

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8
Q

what is the difference between territorial matrix vs interterritorial matrix

A

territorial matrix is ECM inside the cell
interterritorial matrix is ECM between cells

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9
Q

what surrounds cartilage

A

perichondrium

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10
Q

what makes up perichondrium

A

dense CT containing fibroblasts, collagen and immature chondroblasts

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11
Q

what is interstitial growth

A

new cartilage forms within mass and chondrocytes retain ability to divide

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12
Q

what is apositional growth

A

new cartilage forms at surface of pre-existing cartilage; more common (occurs at periphery)

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13
Q

what are new chondrocytes derived from

A

mesenchymal cells of inner perichondrium - differentiate first into chondroblasts

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14
Q

where are more mature chondrcytes located

A

center of cartilage mass

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15
Q

does cartilage have blood vessles

A

no it is avascular

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16
Q

how does exchange of metabolites in cartilage occur

A

via diffusion through ground substance

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17
Q

where does thick cartilage contain blood vessels

A

in secondary cartilage canals

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18
Q

describe the ECM of amorphous ground substance in cartilage

A

-contains collagen
- 60-80% water bound to proteoglycans such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin sulfate

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19
Q

what gives matrix flexibility and incompressibility

A

water and proteoglycans in the matrix

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20
Q

is hyaluronic sulfated

A

NO

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21
Q

what is the most common glycoprotein

A

chonronectin

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22
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

-hyaline
- fibrocartilage
- elastic

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23
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found

A

articular surfaces, growth plates, nasal septum, costal cartilages, tracheal and bronchial rings

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24
Q

what is the precursor for bone in most of skeleton

A

hyaline cartilage

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25
Q

what is hylaine cartilage characterized by

A

aggregates of chondrocytes in amorphous matric of ground substance, reinforced with type 2 collagen fibers

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26
Q

what makes up fibrocartilage

A

alternating layers of hyaline cartilage and dense CT (contains type 1 and 2 collagen) , less cellular than other cartilage types

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27
Q

what does fibrocartilage lack

A

periochondrium

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28
Q

where is fibrocartilage found

A

knee, mandible (TMJ), shoulder, sternum - ligaments, tendons, joint capsules, pubic symphsis

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29
Q

what makes up elastic cartilage

A

type 2 collagen with large numbers of elastic fibers in ECM

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30
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

external ear, auditory and eustacian canals, epiglottis and larynx

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31
Q

why is repair in cartilage limited and what does repair result in

A

repair requires blood flow, results in production of dense CT (fibrosis)

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32
Q

what does the invasion of the repair site by blood vessels result in

A

death of chondrocytes and formation of bone

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33
Q

which cartilage calcifies with age and how

A

hyaline, via deposition of calcium phosphate crystals within matrix that is eventually replaced with bone

34
Q

what is bone and how does it get its function

A

specialized support tissue
- extracellular components are mineralized giving bone rigidity and strength

35
Q

what are the main forms of bone

A

woven and lamellar

36
Q

describe woven bone

A

immature form characterized by random orientation of collagen fibers

37
Q

what is lamellar bone

A

woven bone gets remodeled into lamellar bone
- contains concentric layers called circumferential lamellae with parallel collagen fibers

38
Q

describe the types of lamellar bone and where can each be found

A

can be dense and compact (cortex of long bones) or cancellous ( spongy at the ends of bone)

39
Q

what does cancellous bone contain

A

network of thin, bony trabeculae and open spaces

40
Q

what are the open spaces in cancellous bone

A

marrow cavity

41
Q

what is another word for trabeculae

A

spicules

42
Q

where are long bones found

A

in limbs

43
Q

explain the diaphysis of long bones

A

the shaft
- made of dense compact bone in cortex and spongy cancellous bone in medullary cavity (marrow)

44
Q

what does the marrow contain

A

red marrow or yellow marrow

45
Q

where are epiphyses located and what are they made of

A

ends of bones
-made of spongy, cancellous bone, covered with hyaline articular cartilage

46
Q

what is the metaphysis

A

flared region between epiphysis and diaphysis

47
Q

what does the metaphysis contain

A

epiphyseal plate of long bones

48
Q

what does the periosteum cover

A

external surface of bone

49
Q

what is the periosteum made of

A

layer of fibrous connective tissue containing fibroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells

50
Q

what does the endosteum cover

A

internal marrow cavity

51
Q

what are sharpey’s fibers and where are they located

A

parallel bundles of collagen fibers, extend from periosteum or muscle tendon and insert into superficial layers of bone

52
Q

what is the function of sharpeys fibers

A

provide anchorage and support of periosteum to bone

53
Q

what are osteoprogenitor cells and where are they found

A

resting mesenchymal cells, reside in periosteum and endosteum

54
Q

what can osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into

A

osteoblasts and osteocytes

55
Q

describe osteoblasts

A

roughly polygonal, mesenchymal cells derived from osteoprogenitor cells
- basophilic due to synthesis of large amount of protein and proteoglycans

56
Q

what are osteoblasts responsible for

A
  • synthesis of ECM and collagen (osteoid)
  • calcification of matrix via secretion of matrix vesicles
57
Q

what is osteoid

A

ECM and collagen, similar to cartilgae later mineralized to form new bone

58
Q

what do matrix vesicles contain and what do they do

A

alkaline phosphatase, bud off osteoblasts into matrix causing precipitation of mineral salts (Ca and PO4)

59
Q

what do osteoblasts mature into and where

A

mature into osteocytes within lacunae after matrix mineralizes

60
Q

describe osteoclasts

A

large multinucleate cells, probably derived from monocyte macrophage lineage, phagocytic

61
Q

what do osteoclasts do

A

resorption and remodeling of bone

62
Q

where are osteoclasts found

A

on endosteal/ periosteal surface in depressions called howship’s lacunae or resporption bays

63
Q

how do osteoclasts function in Ca homeostasis

A

by producing organic acids and lysozymes that digest bone- secreted into ECS by ruffled border

64
Q

what is the ruffled border

A

modified folded plasma membrane containing microvilli like structures

65
Q

what hormones regulate calcium homeostasis

A

parathormone and calcitonin

66
Q

what secretes parathormone

A

parathyroid gland

67
Q

what does the parathormone do

A

stimulates osteoclast activity -> bone resorption
- increase blood Ca levels
- decrease renal excretion by kidneys

68
Q

what secretes calcitonin

A

thyroid gland

69
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

-stimulates osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclasts -> bone deposition
- decreased blood Ca levels

70
Q

what secretes somatotropin

A

pituitary

71
Q

what does somatotropin do

A

-stimulates growth, epiphyseal cartilage and bone
- decreases blood Ca

72
Q

what does oversecretion of somatotropin lead to

A

gigantism or acromegaly

73
Q

what does undersecretion of somatotropin lead to

A

pituitary dwarfism

74
Q

what is mature compact bone made of

A

70% inorganic salts and 30% organic matrix

75
Q

what is most of the organic matrix in compact bone made of and what makes it

A

type 1 collagen made by osteoblasts

76
Q

what are the GAGs in mature compact bone

A

mostly hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, also has keratin sulfate

77
Q

what are the non-collagenous molecules in the bone matrix

A

-osteocalcin
- osteonectin
- sialoproteins

78
Q

what does osteocalcin do

A

binds intracellular Ca during mineralization

79
Q

what does osteonectin do

A

bridges/binds collagen and minerals

80
Q

what do sialoproteins contain

A

rich in sialic acid; concentrated from plasma

81
Q

what is the mineralized component of bone formed by

A

inorganic salts
-primarily Ca and P in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals

82
Q

what does bone have an affinity for

A

heavy metals (Pb and Hg) and radioactive isotopes

Histology (27 decks)

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