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Histology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the respiratory tract originate from embryologically

A

as outgrowth of GI tract

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2
Q

what is the respiratory system derived from in the GI tract

A

laryngeotracheal groove

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3
Q

where does the respiratory system develop from and when

A

along ventral midline of posterior pharynx at the 4th week of development -> develops into respiratory diverticulum, an outgrowth of the esophagus -> grows and interacts with surrounding mesoderm

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4
Q

what is the primary function of the respiratory system

A

air conduction, filtration and gas exchange

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5
Q

what are the secondary functions of respiratory system

A

oflaction in nasal cavity and phonation from larynx

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6
Q

what is respiration divided into

A

mechanical respiration and cellular respiration

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7
Q

what is mechanical respiration

A

associated with the lungs and functions in gas exchange

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8
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

O2 is carried to the tissues for cellular respiration (oxidative metabolism -> ATP/energy

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9
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

thin, dome shaped muscle, separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity in mammals

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10
Q

what happens in inspiration

A

intercostal muscles contract, raise ribs; diaphragm contacts (lowers) which increases intrathoracic volume and causes negative pressure in thorax

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11
Q

what happens in expiration

A

intercostal muscles relax, lower ribs
-diaphragm relaxes (raises) which decreases intrathoracic volume and increases intrathoracic pressure

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12
Q

what are pleural cavities lined by

A

simple, squamous to cuboidal mesothelium that overlays thin layer of connective tissue containing elastic fibers

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13
Q

what layers make up the pleura

A

mesothelium and CT layer

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14
Q

what does the parietal pleura line

A

thoracic wall

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15
Q

what does the visceral pleura line

A

outer surfaces of lung

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16
Q

what separates the visceral and parietal pleura and what is its function

A

pleural space containing pleural fluid which acts as lubricant to decrease friction

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17
Q

what does the pleural space contain that assists with inspiration

A

a partial vacuum that results in negative intrathoracic pressure

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18
Q

what is a pneumothorax

A

breach of pleural space

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19
Q

what does a pneumothorax cause

A
  • positive intrathoracic pressure, difficulty breathing from collapsed lung
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20
Q

how does the pneumothorax remain unilateral

A

due to mediastinum which is a loose CT layer separating L and R hemithoraces

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21
Q

where does air enter the upper respiratory tract

A

at nostrils which open into the vestibule

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22
Q

what does the vestibule contain

A

hairs to help filter and trap particulate matter

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23
Q

what are vibrissae

A

“sinus hairs”
-the hair follicle is surrounded by a blood-filled sinus
- large sensory hairs (whiskers) in cats and dogs

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24
Q

where does the air go after the nares and vestibule

A

nasal cavity

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25
Q

what does the nasal cavity contain

A

thin, scroll shaped bones called nasal turbinates/conchae

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26
Q

what are nasal turbinates/conchae lined with

A

moist, pseudostratified columbar epithelium covered by mucous

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27
Q

what receptors does the nasal cavity contain

A

olfactory receptors

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28
Q

what do olfactory receptors synapse with

A

olfactory nerve (CN I)

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29
Q

what do olfactory epithelium contain

A

small number of brush cells

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30
Q

what are brush cells and what is their function

A
  • columnar cells with apical microvilli
    -function: generalized sensory cells of olfactory and respiratory epithelia
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31
Q

where does air travel after the nasal cavity

A

paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx

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32
Q

what do paranasal sinuses do

A

filter, humidify, and warm inspired air

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33
Q

what does the nasopharynx connect to and how

A

middle ear via auditory (eustacian) tubes

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34
Q

what do auditory (eustacian) tubes do

A

allows equilibrium of air pressure

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35
Q

what is the entire upper respiratory tract lined by

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells
- aka “respiratory epithelium”

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36
Q

what is respiratory epithelium supported by

A

underlying lamina propria of loose CT

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37
Q

what glands does the upper respiratory tract contain

A

sero-mucus glands

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38
Q

what is the mucociliary ladder

A

cilia in respiratory epithelium of trachea and bronchi synchronously beat in metachronal rhythm

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39
Q

what is the purpose of the metachronal rhythm in the mucociliary ladder

A

moves surface mucus towards larynx at a rate of ~1 cm/min

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40
Q

what triggers the sneeze reflex

A

irritation to upper airways (nasal passages)

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41
Q

what triggers the cough reflex

A

irritation to lower airways (trachea and bronchi)

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42
Q

where does the lower respiratory tract begin

A

at larynx

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43
Q

where does the digestive system intersect with respiratory system

A

where upper and lower respiratory tracts meet at larynx

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44
Q

where is the opening of the esophagus

A

directly behind the trachea

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45
Q

what is the function of the epiglottis

A

protects trachea during swallowing by covering the opening of the larynx

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46
Q

what is a tracheostomy

A

sharp object in jugular/suprasternal notch

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47
Q

what are the 3 single cartilages in the larynx

A

thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottic

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48
Q

what are the 3 paired cartilages in the larynx

A

arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform

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49
Q

what cartilages make up the larynx

A

hyaline or elastic

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50
Q

where are the false and true vocal cords located

A

below glottis and covered by epiglottis

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51
Q

where are false vocal cords located

A

superior and lateral

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52
Q

where are true vocal cords locatedd

A

inferior and medial

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53
Q

what are the functions of vocal cords

A
  • speech
  • vocal folds protect lower respiratory tract from entry of foreign bodies
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54
Q

what are false vocal cords covered by

A

respiratory epithelium with seromucus glands

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55
Q

what are epiglottis and true vocal cords covered by

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

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56
Q

what does the true vocal cords contain

A

vocalis muscle and ligament

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57
Q

what do the larynx and epiglottis develop from

A

the 4th and 6th pharyngeal pouches

58
Q

what is the larynx innervated by

A

branches of the vagus nerve

59
Q

what innervates the portion of the larynx derived from the 4th arch

A

superior laryngeal nerve

60
Q

what innervates the portion of the larynx derived from the 6th arch

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

61
Q

what is inferior to the larynx

A

the trachea

62
Q

what lines the trachea

A

respiratory epithelium with numerous goblet cells and seromucus glands

63
Q

what is the trachea supported by

A

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage that face caudally to facilitate swallowing

64
Q

what do caudal openings contain

A

connective tissue membrane and smooth muscle, trachealis muscle

65
Q

how do the bronchi divide after the trachea

A

primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi

66
Q

what are the other names for primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi?

A

primary - mainstem
secondary - lobar
tertiary - segmental

67
Q

how do you identify bronchi

A

presence or absence of cartilage rings or plates and accompanying layer of smooth muscle with or without seromucus glands

68
Q

what does cartilage provide support for

A

larynx, trachea, and bronchi to prevent collapse during inspiration

69
Q

where does cartilage become absent in bronchi

A

beyond tertiary bronchi

70
Q

what are all bronchi lined with

A

respiratory epithelium with goblet cells and submucosal seromucus glands

71
Q

what is the anatomical dead space

A

air in upper respiratory tract, trachea and bronchi not used for gas exchange

72
Q

what is the size of the anatomical dead space

A

about 150 mL

73
Q

what is the order of bronchioles

A

tertiary bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs/alveoli

74
Q

where is the site for gas exchange

A

alveoli

75
Q

describe what makes up bronchioles

A

lacks cartilage and seromucus glands; smooth muscles performs support function instead

76
Q

what is the trend as bronchioles get smaller

A

thinning of epithelium with loss of goblet cells

77
Q

what is the epithelium of terminal bronchioles

A

tall, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

78
Q

what is the epithelium of respiratory bronchioles

A

simple, cuboidal to columnar ciliated and non-ciliated epithelium with occasional alveoli

79
Q

where does gas exchange begin

A

at the level of respiratory bronchioles

80
Q

what do alveolar ducts contain

A

numerous alveoli lined with simple squamous epithelium

81
Q

where are clara cells located

A

in terminal and respiratory bronchioles, they replace goblet cells

82
Q

describe clara cells

A

non-ciliated dome-shaped cuboidal to columnar cells

83
Q

what do clara cells produce

A

lipoproteins, primary components of surfactant within airways

84
Q

what surfactant do

A

prevents sticking together of bronchiole walls

85
Q

what do clara cells do

A

function as reserve stem cells capable of differentiation into other respiratory cells following damage

86
Q

where are K cells located

A

scattered throughout respiratory tract

87
Q

what is the function of K cells

A

secrete various GI hormones

88
Q

what are K cells

A

historical remnants of evolutionary origins from gut

89
Q

what are brush cells

A

generalized sensory cells (columnar with apical microvilli)

90
Q

what are MALT

A

throughout respiratory tract lymphoid aggregates - BALT or MALT

91
Q

where is MALT found

A

in lamina propria

92
Q

what is the lamina propria

A

layer of subepithelial connective tissue

93
Q

what is the primary function of MALT

A

to secrete IgA onto mucosal surface to provide protection from micro-organisms

94
Q

what is deep to mucosa

A

smooth smooth muscle layer called muscularis mucosae

95
Q

where are muscularis mucosae prominent

A

smaller airway of respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts as alveolar rings

96
Q

what is the function of alveolar rings

A

controls luminal diameter of airways and resistance to airflow, regulates alveolar air movement, takes over support function of cartilage

97
Q

what are alveolar ducts and alveoli lined by

A

simple squamous epithelium

98
Q

what are alveoli

A

thin- walled structures surrounded by rich capillary network supplied by pulmonary artery

99
Q

what are alveolar septa

A

walls between alveoli

100
Q

what do septa contain

A

alveolar pores

101
Q

what are type 1 pneumocytes

A

flattened epithelial cells modified for gas exchange

102
Q

what covers 95% if alveolar surface area

A

simple squamous epithelium consisting of type 1 pneumocytes

103
Q

what is the air blood barrier

A

2 cell layers that separate air within alveolus from blood

104
Q

what does the air blood barrier consist of

A

type 1 pneumocytes of alveoli
- endothelial cells lining capillaries and shared, fused BM

105
Q

what are type 2 pneumocytes

A

larger, rounded dome-shaped cells

106
Q

what can type 2 cells differentiate into

A

type 1 cells

107
Q

what do type 2 pneumocytes posses

A

intracytoplasmic granules, called lamellar bodies containing phospholipid

108
Q

what do type 2 pneumocytes secrete and what does it do

A

surfactant which decreases surface tension and keeps cells moist for gas exchange

109
Q

what is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants

A

lack of surfactant

110
Q

what are dust cells and where are they located

A

throughout lungs they are alveolar macrophages

111
Q

what do dust cells do

A

phagocytize particulate matter and microorganisms

112
Q

how often are dust cells eliminated and how

A

eliminated from lung at rate of ~50 million/day via mucocilliary ladder

113
Q

how is lymph drained from alveoli

A

no direct drainage, only indirect via interstitium of interalveolar septa

114
Q

what drains the pleural space

A

second system of pleural lymphatic within visceral pleura

115
Q

what can lymphatic obstruction lead to

A

pleural effusion or pulmonary edema

116
Q

what is pleural effusion vs pulmonary edema?

A

pleural effusion- fluid within pleural space
pulmonary edema- fluid within alveoli of lungs

117
Q

what is common with pneumonia

A

pleural effusion and pulmonary edema

118
Q

what is a pneumonia

A

bacterial and or viral infection of lung with increased inflammatory cell infiltrate (especially neutrophils and macrophages)

119
Q

what do infections associated with pneumonia cause

A

decreased production of pleural fluid -> damage to pleura (pleurisy)

120
Q

what are connective tissue tags

A

adhesions between visceral and parietal pleura

121
Q

what is anthracosis

A

originally seen in coal miners from inhaling anthracite coal dust, now common in urban environments

122
Q

what is silicosis

A

from inhlaed silica particles primary source, coal dust and asbesots

123
Q

how does silicosis occur

A

sharp crystals, difficult to phagocytose -> pulmonary fibrosis due to accumulation of silicic acid in lungs which stimulates fibroblast proliferation and collagen production

124
Q

what causes mesothelioma

A

asbestos inhalation

125
Q

what is tuberculosis

A

formation of multifocal nodules or tubercles
- bacterial foci surrounded by inflammatory cells, especially macrophages walled off by fibrotic capsule

126
Q

what happens in the lungs in response to smoking

A

mucus production increased -> smokers hack
- cilia lose synchronicity then die

127
Q

what is bronchitis

A

fibrosis, thickening of airways

128
Q

what is metaplasia

A

replacement of one tissue type by another

129
Q

what is the metaplasia that occurs with smoking

A

pseudostratified ciliated columbar epithelium of URT replaced by stratified squamous epithelium

130
Q

what can metaplasia in the lungs be incited by

A

physical trauma (chronic coughing), chemical, or thermal insult (smoking)

131
Q

what can metaplasia be the first step in

A

neoplasia (cancer)

132
Q

what is emphysema characterized by

A

permanent enlargement of alveoli -> bulla formation

133
Q

what is emphysema caused by

A

chronic obstruction of air flow -> destruction of alveolar septa and decreased surface area for gas exchange

134
Q

what is emphysema initiated by

A

chronic inhalation of smoke and particulate matter (dust, smoke), mucus accumulation -> destruction of alveolar wall

135
Q

what is the destruction of alveolar wall due to

A

release of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils and macrohpages

136
Q

what is COPD

A

bronchitis, asthma and emphysema

137
Q

what is asthma characterized by

A

chronic airway obstruction, inflammation or irritation and increased responsiveness -> exaggerated bronchoconstriction

138
Q

what is asthma initiated by

A

formation of antigen-antibody complexes on cell membranes, requires phagocytosis

139
Q

what cells are present in large numbers in submucosa in asthmatics

A

mast cells and eosinophils

140
Q

what does irritation in asthma cause

A

mast cells to release histamine and SRS that causes smooth muscel contraction of bronchioles and vasodilation ->acute asthma attack

141
Q

how do eosinophils counteract effects of histamine

A

with histaminase and eosinophil derived inhibitor that inhibits mast cell degranulation

Histology (27 decks)

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