Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Histology > Accessory Digestive Organs > Flashcards

Accessory Digestive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the liver and pancreas embryological outgrowths of

A

primitive gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do the liver and pancreas function as

A

accessory digestive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the largest gland and internal organ

A

the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the liver divided into

A

4 lobes - R, L , caudate and quadrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the major functions of the liver

A

-detoxification of metabolic waste
- metabolism and detoxification of drugs and toxins
-destruction of senescent RBCs
- recycling of Hb via synthesis and secretion of bile
- synthesis of plasma proteins
- miscellaneous metabolic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what plasma proteins does the liver synthesize

A

clotting factors, albumin, and lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is Glisson’s capsule

A

connective tissue capsule covering external surface of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do monosaccharides and amino acids enter the liver

A

via hepatic portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the hepatic portal vein carry to liver besides blood

A

75-80% of blood to liver, potentially toxic compounds absorbed from diet to liver to be conjugated or detoxified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what supplies oxygenated blood to the liver

A

hepatic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the hepatic artery branch into

A

portal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the portal artery carry to the liver

A

20-25% of blood to liver with unoxygenated blood from portal vein to perfuse liver cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe concentrations of nutrients and O2 in the liver

A

nutrient rich but O2 poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are lobules in the liver drained

A

via central vein -> hepatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are liver cells called

A

hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how many chromosomes do most hepatocytes have

A

most are diploid but some are polyploid and/or binucleate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do hepatocytes contain large numbers of

A

cytoplasmic granules and storage products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do cytoplasmic granules in hepatocytes contain

A

rER and lysosomal products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do aging hepatocytes accumulate

A

lipofuscin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are individual hepatocytes arranged in

A

anastomosing cords paralleled by venous sinusoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are sinusoids lined by and what are they

A

sinusoidal lining cells - a discontinuous epithelium with gaps between endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where is space of disse located

A

between sinusoidal lining cells and hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the space of disse continuous with and what is another name for it

A

AKA perisinusoidal space, continuous with lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are hepatic cords and sinusoids supported by

A

reticulin fibers (type 3 collagen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
where are kupffer cells
within sinusoids and space of disse
26
what do kupffer cells do
macrophages, phagocytic
27
what are Ito cells and where are they located
between hepatocyes- fat storing cells containing lipid droplets, used for Vit A and D storage
28
what are cords of hepatocytes arranged in
lobules
29
what is the classic liver lobule based on and what shape is it
based on blood flow, roughly hexagonal
30
what is in the middle of the classic liver lobule
central vein, also called centrilobular vein and terminal hepatic venule
31
what is the outer margin of each lobule delimited by
thin CT septum
32
what is located at each corner of the hepatic lobule
portal tracts/triads
33
what do portal tracts/triads contain
portal artery, vein, lymph node and bile duct
34
where does blood enter the liver through and where does it travel
portal tracts, percolates through sinusoids of lobule and drains via central vein
35
what is the portal lobule based on and what is its shape
based on bile flow and triangular shaped
36
which direction does bile flow in relation to blood
opposite
37
what is in the center of the portal lobule and what is at the corners
center- portal triad corners- central veins
38
what is the acinus
diamond shaped region between neighboring central veins
39
where are central veins located and what is at their sides
located along longitudinal axis with portal tracts at sides
40
what do hepatic lobules combine aspects of
blood flow, oxygenation, metabolism, and pathology
41
what zones is the acinus divided into
1,2 and 3
42
what do hepatocytes in different zones have
different metabolic environments
43
describe zone 1
closest to the portal tract and receives most oxygenated blood
44
what zone is most susceptible to toxic injury
zone 1
45
what is another name for zone 1
perilobular zone, periportal
46
what is another name for zone 2
intermediate zone
47
what is another name for zone 3
centrolobular zone
48
describe zone 3
furthest from portal tract, closest to central vein, receives least oxygenated blood
49
what zone is most susceptible to ischemic injury
zone 3
50
what are the functions of the liver
detoxification or metabolism of various drugs, toxins, metabolites via microsomal mixed function oxidase system of sER or peroxidases of peroxisomes
51
what is cirrhosis
a common result of repeated insults or chronic disease of the liver
52
what is cirrhosis characterized by
hepatic degeneration and necrosis followed by fibrosis and nodular regeneration
53
what is portal hypertension associated with and why
cirrhosis due to fibrosis, blockage of blood flow
54
does the liver have the ability to regenerate
yes
55
what are the endocrine functions of the liver
-synthesis of plasma proteins -synthesis of glucose -gluconeogenesis -storage and release of glycogen, lipids, and lipoproteins -vitamin A and D storage
56
what plasma proteins does the liver synthesize
fibrinogen, urea, albumin, and prothrombin
57
what are the exocrine functions of the liver
bile synthesis
58
what does bile do
emulsifies by facilitating hydrolysis of lipids by pancreatic lipases
59
how much bile does the human liver secrete a day
1 liter
60
what increases bile flow from the liver
hormones such as secretin, CCK, and gastrin from enteroendocrine (APUD) cells
61
what is bile synthesized by and secreted into
secreted by hepatocytes and secreted into network of bile canaliculi
62
what are bile canaliculi
small canals between hepatocytes formed by grooves in plasma membrane of adjacent cells
63
what does bile flow from and where does it go into
flows from canaliculi into a series of progressively larger ducts
64
what structures does bile synthesis include
bile ducts and larger intrahepatic ducts
65
where are bile ducts
portal triads
66
where are intrahepatic ducts located
scattered throughout parenchyma
67
where does bile enter the duodenum
at the major duodenal papilla
68
where does bile go after its made
to the gallbladder for storage and modification
69
what is the gallbladder and where is it located
muscular sac located in depression along surface of the liver
70
what is the gallbladder used for
to store and concentrate bile of about 100 ml
71
what epithelium lines the gallbladder
simple columnar epithelium with apical microvilli used for resorption of water
72
what layer does the gallbladder lack
muscularis mucosae
73
describe the lamina propria in the gallbladder
highly folded with occasional tubuloalveolar mucus glands
74
what does CCK do
stimulates contraction of the gallbladder
75
what are the components of bile
water, ions, electrolytes, cholesterol and phospholipids, bile acids and bile pigments
76
what is the best known bile pigment and what is it
bilirubin- non-sol breakdown product of Hb
77
what is bilirubin glucuronide
water-soluble form of bilirubin, conjugated with glucoronide
78
what happens in the failure to absorb bilirubin or failure to conjugate it and secrete glucuronide
accumulation of bile pigments and jaundice
79
what happens in the supersaturation of bile
gallstones
80
what are other words for gallstones
biliary calculi and cholelithiasis
81
what are gallstones made of
mostly cholesterol and calcium salts
82
what happens in the obstruction of bile ducts (choledocolithiasis)
bile stasis or jaundice (icterus) if severe
83
what is cholecystitis
chronic inflammation of gallbladder
84
what is the term for removal of gallbladder
colecystectomy
85
what is a precaution needed to take after cholecystectomy
unable to concentrate bile so limit ingestion of fats
86
describe the pancreas
highly lobulated gland with thin, CT capsule located in bend of duodenum
87
what is the pancreas an embryological outgrowth of
primitive gut
88
where is endocrine pancreatic tissue located
islets of langerhans
89
do endocrine tissues have ducts in pancreas
no
90
describe the exocrine ducts of the pancreas
compund, acinar, serous gland
91
what do serous acini in the pancreas contain
pyramidal secretory cells surrounding a central lumen (duct)
92
what do acinar cells in the pancreas contain
zymogen granules
93
what are examples of zymogen granules
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, amylase and lipase
94
what are trypsin and chymotrypsin
proteases
95
what do amylases breakdown? lipases?
amylases-carbohydrates lipases- fats
96
what do exocrine ducts in the pancreas empty into
intercalated ducts
97
what do intercalated ducts in the pancreas do
add bicarbonate and water to pancreatic sections; neutralize acidic chyme from stomach ->optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes
98
what are centro-acinar cells
duct cells that form the beginning of intercalated ducts that are sometimes visible in the center of acini
99
what do intercalated ducts empty into
larger intralobular ducts which exit into larger interlobular ducts
100
how do pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum
via pancreatic duct at major duodenal papilla
101
what are the principle regulators of exocrine pancreas
polypeptide hormones secreted by enteroendocrine (APUD) cells
102
what hormone is secreted by the stomach
gastrin
103
what secretes gastrin and what is its function
secreted by G cells of pyloric stomach, stimulates secretion of pancreatic fluid
104
what are the hormones secreted by the duodenum
secretin, CCK, and enterokinase
105
what secretes secretin and what is its function
secreted by S cells, stimulates secretion of bicarbonate by cells of intercalated ducts
106
what secretes CCK and what is its function
secreted by I cells, stimulates acinar cells to secrete zymogens
107
what is enterokinase function
converts trypsinogen into trypsin which convertes chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin - cascade reaction that prevents pancreas from digesting itself
108
what does chymotrypsin digest
proteins
109
what is pancreatitis
autodigestion of pancreas brought on by alcoholism
110
what happens in pancreatitis
cascade reaction breaks down which results in the premature conversion of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin and autolysis
111
how long does severe, acute pancreatitis take to be fatal
can be within hours

Histology (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions