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Histology > Accessory Digestive Organs > Flashcards

Accessory Digestive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the liver and pancreas embryological outgrowths of

A

primitive gut

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2
Q

what do the liver and pancreas function as

A

accessory digestive organs

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3
Q

what is the largest gland and internal organ

A

the liver

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4
Q

what is the liver divided into

A

4 lobes - R, L , caudate and quadrate

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5
Q

what are the major functions of the liver

A

-detoxification of metabolic waste
- metabolism and detoxification of drugs and toxins
-destruction of senescent RBCs
- recycling of Hb via synthesis and secretion of bile
- synthesis of plasma proteins
- miscellaneous metabolic functions

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6
Q

what plasma proteins does the liver synthesize

A

clotting factors, albumin, and lipoproteins

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7
Q

what is Glisson’s capsule

A

connective tissue capsule covering external surface of the liver

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8
Q

how do monosaccharides and amino acids enter the liver

A

via hepatic portal vein

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9
Q

what does the hepatic portal vein carry to liver besides blood

A

75-80% of blood to liver, potentially toxic compounds absorbed from diet to liver to be conjugated or detoxified

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10
Q

what supplies oxygenated blood to the liver

A

hepatic artery

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11
Q

what does the hepatic artery branch into

A

portal artery

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12
Q

what does the portal artery carry to the liver

A

20-25% of blood to liver with unoxygenated blood from portal vein to perfuse liver cells

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13
Q

describe concentrations of nutrients and O2 in the liver

A

nutrient rich but O2 poor

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14
Q

how are lobules in the liver drained

A

via central vein -> hepatic vein

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15
Q

what are liver cells called

A

hepatocytes

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16
Q

how many chromosomes do most hepatocytes have

A

most are diploid but some are polyploid and/or binucleate

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17
Q

what do hepatocytes contain large numbers of

A

cytoplasmic granules and storage products

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18
Q

what do cytoplasmic granules in hepatocytes contain

A

rER and lysosomal products

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19
Q

what do aging hepatocytes accumulate

A

lipofuscin

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20
Q

what are individual hepatocytes arranged in

A

anastomosing cords paralleled by venous sinusoids

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21
Q

what are sinusoids lined by and what are they

A

sinusoidal lining cells - a discontinuous epithelium with gaps between endothelial cells

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22
Q

where is space of disse located

A

between sinusoidal lining cells and hepatocytes

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23
Q

what is the space of disse continuous with and what is another name for it

A

AKA perisinusoidal space, continuous with lymphatics

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24
Q

what are hepatic cords and sinusoids supported by

A

reticulin fibers (type 3 collagen)

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25
Q

where are kupffer cells

A

within sinusoids and space of disse

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26
Q

what do kupffer cells do

A

macrophages, phagocytic

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27
Q

what are Ito cells and where are they located

A

between hepatocyes- fat storing cells containing lipid droplets, used for Vit A and D storage

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28
Q

what are cords of hepatocytes arranged in

A

lobules

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29
Q

what is the classic liver lobule based on and what shape is it

A

based on blood flow, roughly hexagonal

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30
Q

what is in the middle of the classic liver lobule

A

central vein, also called centrilobular vein and terminal hepatic venule

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31
Q

what is the outer margin of each lobule delimited by

A

thin CT septum

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32
Q

what is located at each corner of the hepatic lobule

A

portal tracts/triads

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33
Q

what do portal tracts/triads contain

A

portal artery, vein, lymph node and bile duct

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34
Q

where does blood enter the liver through and where does it travel

A

portal tracts, percolates through sinusoids of lobule and drains via central vein

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35
Q

what is the portal lobule based on and what is its shape

A

based on bile flow and triangular shaped

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36
Q

which direction does bile flow in relation to blood

A

opposite

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37
Q

what is in the center of the portal lobule and what is at the corners

A

center- portal triad
corners- central veins

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38
Q

what is the acinus

A

diamond shaped region between neighboring central veins

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39
Q

where are central veins located and what is at their sides

A

located along longitudinal axis with portal tracts at sides

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40
Q

what do hepatic lobules combine aspects of

A

blood flow, oxygenation, metabolism, and pathology

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41
Q

what zones is the acinus divided into

A

1,2 and 3

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42
Q

what do hepatocytes in different zones have

A

different metabolic environments

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43
Q

describe zone 1

A

closest to the portal tract and receives most oxygenated blood

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44
Q

what zone is most susceptible to toxic injury

A

zone 1

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45
Q

what is another name for zone 1

A

perilobular zone, periportal

46
Q

what is another name for zone 2

A

intermediate zone

47
Q

what is another name for zone 3

A

centrolobular zone

48
Q

describe zone 3

A

furthest from portal tract, closest to central vein, receives least oxygenated blood

49
Q

what zone is most susceptible to ischemic injury

A

zone 3

50
Q

what are the functions of the liver

A

detoxification or metabolism of various drugs, toxins, metabolites via microsomal mixed function oxidase system of sER or peroxidases of peroxisomes

51
Q

what is cirrhosis

A

a common result of repeated insults or chronic disease of the liver

52
Q

what is cirrhosis characterized by

A

hepatic degeneration and necrosis followed by fibrosis and nodular regeneration

53
Q

what is portal hypertension associated with and why

A

cirrhosis due to fibrosis, blockage of blood flow

54
Q

does the liver have the ability to regenerate

A

yes

55
Q

what are the endocrine functions of the liver

A

-synthesis of plasma proteins
-synthesis of glucose
-gluconeogenesis
-storage and release of glycogen, lipids, and lipoproteins
-vitamin A and D storage

56
Q

what plasma proteins does the liver synthesize

A

fibrinogen, urea, albumin, and prothrombin

57
Q

what are the exocrine functions of the liver

A

bile synthesis

58
Q

what does bile do

A

emulsifies by facilitating hydrolysis of lipids by pancreatic lipases

59
Q

how much bile does the human liver secrete a day

A

1 liter

60
Q

what increases bile flow from the liver

A

hormones such as secretin, CCK, and gastrin from enteroendocrine (APUD) cells

61
Q

what is bile synthesized by and secreted into

A

secreted by hepatocytes and secreted into network of bile canaliculi

62
Q

what are bile canaliculi

A

small canals between hepatocytes formed by grooves in plasma membrane of adjacent cells

63
Q

what does bile flow from and where does it go into

A

flows from canaliculi into a series of progressively larger ducts

64
Q

what structures does bile synthesis include

A

bile ducts and larger intrahepatic ducts

65
Q

where are bile ducts

A

portal triads

66
Q

where are intrahepatic ducts located

A

scattered throughout parenchyma

67
Q

where does bile enter the duodenum

A

at the major duodenal papilla

68
Q

where does bile go after its made

A

to the gallbladder for storage and modification

69
Q

what is the gallbladder and where is it located

A

muscular sac located in depression along surface of the liver

70
Q

what is the gallbladder used for

A

to store and concentrate bile of about 100 ml

71
Q

what epithelium lines the gallbladder

A

simple columnar epithelium with apical microvilli used for resorption of water

72
Q

what layer does the gallbladder lack

A

muscularis mucosae

73
Q

describe the lamina propria in the gallbladder

A

highly folded with occasional tubuloalveolar mucus glands

74
Q

what does CCK do

A

stimulates contraction of the gallbladder

75
Q

what are the components of bile

A

water, ions, electrolytes, cholesterol and phospholipids, bile acids and bile pigments

76
Q

what is the best known bile pigment and what is it

A

bilirubin- non-sol breakdown product of Hb

77
Q

what is bilirubin glucuronide

A

water-soluble form of bilirubin, conjugated with glucoronide

78
Q

what happens in the failure to absorb bilirubin or failure to conjugate it and secrete glucuronide

A

accumulation of bile pigments and jaundice

79
Q

what happens in the supersaturation of bile

A

gallstones

80
Q

what are other words for gallstones

A

biliary calculi and cholelithiasis

81
Q

what are gallstones made of

A

mostly cholesterol and calcium salts

82
Q

what happens in the obstruction of bile ducts (choledocolithiasis)

A

bile stasis or jaundice (icterus) if severe

83
Q

what is cholecystitis

A

chronic inflammation of gallbladder

84
Q

what is the term for removal of gallbladder

A

colecystectomy

85
Q

what is a precaution needed to take after cholecystectomy

A

unable to concentrate bile so limit ingestion of fats

86
Q

describe the pancreas

A

highly lobulated gland with thin, CT capsule located in bend of duodenum

87
Q

what is the pancreas an embryological outgrowth of

A

primitive gut

88
Q

where is endocrine pancreatic tissue located

A

islets of langerhans

89
Q

do endocrine tissues have ducts in pancreas

A

no

90
Q

describe the exocrine ducts of the pancreas

A

compund, acinar, serous gland

91
Q

what do serous acini in the pancreas contain

A

pyramidal secretory cells surrounding a central lumen (duct)

92
Q

what do acinar cells in the pancreas contain

A

zymogen granules

93
Q

what are examples of zymogen granules

A

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, amylase and lipase

94
Q

what are trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

proteases

95
Q

what do amylases breakdown? lipases?

A

amylases-carbohydrates
lipases- fats

96
Q

what do exocrine ducts in the pancreas empty into

A

intercalated ducts

97
Q

what do intercalated ducts in the pancreas do

A

add bicarbonate and water to pancreatic sections; neutralize acidic chyme from stomach ->optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes

98
Q

what are centro-acinar cells

A

duct cells that form the beginning of intercalated ducts that are sometimes visible in the center of acini

99
Q

what do intercalated ducts empty into

A

larger intralobular ducts which exit into larger interlobular ducts

100
Q

how do pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum

A

via pancreatic duct at major duodenal papilla

101
Q

what are the principle regulators of exocrine pancreas

A

polypeptide hormones secreted by enteroendocrine (APUD) cells

102
Q

what hormone is secreted by the stomach

A

gastrin

103
Q

what secretes gastrin and what is its function

A

secreted by G cells of pyloric stomach, stimulates secretion of pancreatic fluid

104
Q

what are the hormones secreted by the duodenum

A

secretin, CCK, and enterokinase

105
Q

what secretes secretin and what is its function

A

secreted by S cells, stimulates secretion of bicarbonate by cells of intercalated ducts

106
Q

what secretes CCK and what is its function

A

secreted by I cells, stimulates acinar cells to secrete zymogens

107
Q

what is enterokinase function

A

converts trypsinogen into trypsin which convertes chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin
- cascade reaction that prevents pancreas from digesting itself

108
Q

what does chymotrypsin digest

A

proteins

109
Q

what is pancreatitis

A

autodigestion of pancreas brought on by alcoholism

110
Q

what happens in pancreatitis

A

cascade reaction breaks down which results in the premature conversion of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin and autolysis

111
Q

how long does severe, acute pancreatitis take to be fatal

A

can be within hours

Histology (27 decks)

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