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Histology > EXAM 2 Starts: Circulatory System > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Starts: Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary function of the circulatory system

A

transport of O2, CO2 and nutrients/ metabolic waste

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2
Q

what are the secondary functions of the circulatory system

A

thermoregulation, transport of immune cells/hormones

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3
Q

what does the blood vascular system consist of

A

heart and blood vessels

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4
Q

what are the two components of the circulatory system

A

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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5
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

RA -> RV ->pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> LA

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6
Q

what is the systemic circulation

A

LA -> LV -> aorta -> rest of body

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7
Q

what is the lymph vascular system

A

passive drainage system for returning extravascular fluid (lymph) to blood vascular system

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8
Q

what does the lymph vascular system rely on and why

A

muscle contractions and body movement because it lacks an intrinsic pump

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9
Q

what are vascular tunics

A

blood vessels of the circulatory system have common basic structure with 3 concentric layers

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10
Q

what are the 3 vascular tunics from innermost to outermost

A
  • tunia intimia
    -tunica media
  • tunia adeventitia
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11
Q

what is the tunica intima, what type of epithelia, and how thick

A

innermost layer of simple squamous endothelial cells lining the lumen. very thin 1-2 cells thick

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12
Q

what is the function of the tunica intima

A

forms a semi-permeable barrier supported by the basement membrane

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13
Q

what are the tight junctions between endothelial cells in the tunica intima called

A

fascia occludens

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14
Q

what supports the tunica intima

A

subendothelial connective tissue

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15
Q

where is the internal elastic lamina

A

separates the tunica intima from the tunica media

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16
Q

what is the internal elastic lamina made of

A

elastic fibers arranged in an sin wave pattern

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17
Q

what is the tunica media

A

middle layer made of smooth muscle and fibroblastic connective tissue

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18
Q

what is the thickest layer in arteries and what do arteries contain

A

tunica media
- may contain reticulin (type 3 collagen) and elastic fibers

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19
Q

where is the external elastic lamina located

A

between tunica media and adventitia

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20
Q

what is the external elastic lamina composed of

A

elastic fibers but less organized than internal elastic lamina

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21
Q

what is the tunica adventitia and what does it contain

A

outermost layer made of loose fibroblastic CT, fibroblasts, collagen, elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells

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22
Q

what is the thinner layer in the arteries

A

tunica adventitia

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23
Q

what is the thickest layer in veins

A

tunica adventitia

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24
Q

what are vasa vasorum and where are they located

A

they are small blood vessels that supply the tunica media and adventitia in both large arteries and veins

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25
Q

what are nervi vasculares and where are they found

A

autonomic nerves that control smooth muscle contraction in vessel walls in the tunica media

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26
Q

what is vasoconstriction due to

A

action of sympathetic, post-ganglionic nerve fibers

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27
Q

what happens in vasoconstriction

A

acts on smooth muscle of tunica media to cause vasoconstriction and decrease lumen diameter

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28
Q

what are the different mechanisms of vasodilation

A
  • passive; occurs in absence or inhibition of sympathetic stimulation
    -accomplished via indirect parasympathetic innervation (Ach causes endothelial cells to release NO which causes smooth muscle cells to relax
  • in response to low O2 tension, smooth muscle in walls of arterioles relaxes
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29
Q

where are baroreceptors and chemoreceptors found

A

in walls of blood vessels

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30
Q

what do baroreceptors do and where are they located

A

detect BP located in carotid sinus and aortic arch

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31
Q

what do chemoreceptors do and where are they located

A

they detect changes in O2, CO2, tension and pH and are located at bifurcation of carotid arteries and in aortic bodies in aortic arch

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32
Q

what are the functions of the arterial system

A

-conducts blood away from heart to capillary bed
- venous system returns blood from capillaries to heart

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33
Q

what is pulsatile blood flow

A

cyclical pumping of heart

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34
Q

what is systole

A

contraction of ventricles

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35
Q

what is diastole

A

decrease in pressure

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36
Q

what do the expansion and recoil of elastic arteries do

A

maintain BP

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37
Q

what controls the diameter of blood vessels

A

sympathetic control of smooth muscle in vessel walls

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38
Q

what do arteries contain and describe their wall

A

large amounts of elastin and smooth muscle, thick wall relative to lumen diameter

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39
Q

describe elastic arteries and give examples

A

-large, conducting vessels that receive blood directly from the heart (ex:aorta, common carotid, subclavian, pulmonary artery)
- sheets of elastic tissue in tunica media to maintain BP
-thickest layer

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40
Q

what layers do elastic arteries have

A

tunica intima, media, and adventitia and internal and external elastic lamina

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41
Q

describe muscular arteries

A

medium sized
- have more smooth muscle and less elastin in tunica media than elastic arteries

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42
Q

what layers do muscular arteries have and what layer is the thickest

A

tunica media, intima, and adventitia and distinct internal elastic lamina. larger muscular arteries may also contain external elastic lamina
- thickest: tunica media

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43
Q

describe arterioles

A

-smallest
- little smooth muscle
-elastic laminae are absent

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44
Q

what are arterioles

A

terminal branches of arterial system that supply capillary beds
- major sites of vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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45
Q

what is the function of arterioles

A

regulate distribution of blood to capillaries via pre-capillary sphincters

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46
Q

how do arterioles regulate distribution of blood to capillaries

A

pre-capillary sphincters

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47
Q

what are pre-capillary sphincters

A

intermittent rings of smooth muscle within walls of arterioles

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48
Q

what are metarterioles

A

small diameter arterioles; intermediate in size between arterioles and capillaries

49
Q

what are metarterioles characterized by

A

discontinuous layer of smooth muscle in tunica media

50
Q

what accompanies an increased amount of smooth muscle

A

increased diameter of vessel and decreased amount of CT

51
Q

what does microcirculation do

A

exchange of gases, fluids, nutrients, metabolites, and waste products

52
Q

where does microcirculation occur

A

within capillaries but also includes arterioles and venules

53
Q

what are capillaries

A

thin walled vessels 8-10 micrometers in diameter

54
Q

what are capillaries lined with

A

a thin single layer of endothelial cells supported by basal lamina and small number of pericytes

55
Q

what are pericytes

A

contractile, precursor for endothelial cells and can become smooth muscle cells

56
Q

what are pericytes derived from

A

the same precursor as endothelial cells

57
Q

what do capillaries lack

A

tunica adventitia (no outer CT layer), tunica media (no smooth muscle)

58
Q

how do vasodilation and vasoconstriction occur in capillaries

A

smooth muscle contraction in arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters which result in passive changes in capillary diameter

59
Q

what are continuous capillaries and where are they found

A

endothelium forms continuous lining. found in muscle, lung CNS

60
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries and where are they found

A

endothelial cells possess pores or fenestrae within cells. found in endocrine glands and GI tract

61
Q

what are discontinuous capillaries and where are they found

A

basal lamina not continuous; endothelial cells separated by large gaps between cells. can form sinusoids. found in liver, spleen, bone marrow

62
Q

how does transport across capillaries occur

A

via fenestrae, transcytosis or diapedesis

63
Q

what does the venous system function as

A

low pressure collecting systtem returning blood from capillary beds to the heart

64
Q

describe veins

A

thinner walled vessels with larger lumen than arteries

65
Q

describe the tunica media in veins compared to arteries

A

fewer layers of smooth muscle in tunica media than arteries

66
Q

what is the thickest tunic in veins

A

tunica adventitia

67
Q

where are valves located and what do they do

A

in veins they prevent backflow, especially in limbs and thorax

68
Q

what are varicose veins

A

valve failure in legs

69
Q

what are venules and describe them

A

small veins, lack elastic laminae and smaller venules may lack tunica media

70
Q

what are post capillary venules and where are they located

A

located after capillaries and tunica media and adventitia are reduced or absent

71
Q

what do post capillary venules do

A

-site for diapedesis
- drain into large collecting venules then muscular venules

72
Q

describe muscular venules

A

thin smooth muscle layer in tunica media, thicker tunia adventitia

73
Q

what are examples of vasoactive substances and what do they do

A

histamine or serotonin and they act on venules to enlarge intercellular spaces and increase the permeability of the vessel

74
Q

what are muscular veins

A

large and medium sized veins

75
Q

describe small muscular veins

A

may or may not contain internal elastic laminal and does not have external elastic lamina

76
Q

describe medium muscular veins

A

contain internal elastic lamina only

77
Q

describe large muscular veins

A

contain internal and external elastic laminae

78
Q

what controls the lumen diameter of muscular veins and venules

A

smooth muscle in tunica media

79
Q

what do AV shunts do

A

direct connections between arterial and venous system to bypass a capillary bed

80
Q

what are AV shunts and where are they located

A

type of anastomosis; common in skin, function in thermoregulation

81
Q

what are portal vessels and give examples

A

vein or artery directly connecting two capillary beds
ex: hepatic portal vein, venous portal system

82
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

when endothelium of vessel damaged, cholesterol adheres to exposed proteins

83
Q

what are the steps in atherosclerosis

A

-when endothelium of vessel is damaged, cholesterol adheres to exposed proteins
- once endothelium heals, cholesterol patch reabsorbed
- phagocytosis by macrophages and later by foam cells
- if inflammatory response becomes chronic -> atherosclerosis and plaque formation

84
Q

what are foam cells

A

endothelial and subintimal cells

85
Q

what is atherosclerosis later accompanied by

A

smooth muscle cells and formation of fibrous CT capsule

86
Q

what happens when cells within the atherosclerotic plaque die

A

necrosis and calcification

87
Q

why is atherosclerosis often associated with hypertension

A

from decrease in lumen diameter and increase in systolic BP

88
Q

what is the most common cause of ischemic heart disease

A

atherosclerosis

89
Q

what happens with coronary artery in ischemic heart disease

A

coronary artery lumen may be decreased by 90%

90
Q

what is stenosis

A

gradual narrowing by plaque

91
Q

what is thrombosis

A

occlusion of vessel

92
Q

what happens as plaque enlarges or if endothelium is damaged in atherosclerosis

A

underlying collagen is exposed

93
Q

what is the series of events of atherosclerosis

A

-plaque formation
- initiates clotting cascade which forms a thrombus
- if a piece of thrombus breaks off it becomes an embolus
- occlusion by an embolus is an acute ischemic event

94
Q

what does sudden occlusion of an artery cause

A

decrease in O2 to the heart and thus chest pain

95
Q

what happens in myocardial infarction

A

portion of muscle dies in heart as a result of occlusion

96
Q

how does healing occur in the heart

A

fibrosis

97
Q

why does the repair of heart muscle after ischemic attack still result in decreased or partial loss of function

A

because CT is less contractile than muscle

98
Q

what is endocarditis

A

inflammation and thickening of AV valves often associated with valvular incompetence

99
Q

what is valvular incompetence

A

increased turbulence, regurgitation which results in vegetative endocarditis and thromboembolic disease

100
Q

what is a stroke

A

blood clot in the brain

101
Q

what does a cerebral infarct result in

A

cell death and loss of function

102
Q

what determines the symptoms and severity of a stroke

A

the location of the clot

103
Q

what are aneurisms

A

blood vessels dilate to form thin-walled, balloon like regions that commonly burst

104
Q

where are aneurisms common

A

aorta or brain

105
Q

describe the lymph vascular system

A

structurally similar to veins, but endothelial cells are thinner and have greater permeability
- thin tunica media
- valves present
- BM and pericytes may or may not be present

106
Q

what do lymph endothelial cells do

A

active in phagocytosis

107
Q

what is the function of the lymph vascular system

A

drain excess fluid from ECS and return it to the blood stream

108
Q

what is lymph formed as a result of

A

high hydrostatic pressure in arterioles;exceeds colloidal oncotic pressure exterted by plasma proteins which results in the leakage of water, electrolytes, and plasma proteins from capillaries into ECS

109
Q

what is lymph high in

A

proteins

110
Q

where do lymphatic vessels converge

A

thoracic duct and right lymphatic ducts

111
Q

where does lymph return to the bloodstream

A

at the junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

112
Q

how is lymph moved

A

skeletal muscle contraction and body movement

113
Q

what can immobility lead to

A

peripheral edema

114
Q

where are lymph nodes located

A

interspersed along lymph vessels

115
Q

what tunics do lymph vessels contain

A

tunica media

116
Q

what do lymph nodes contain

A

lymphoid tissue for antigenic sampling and recognition, activation of immune cells and production of anitbodies

117
Q

how do tumors metastasize

A

asymmetrical lymph drainage

118
Q

how do you identify lymph vessels

A

thin walled, lack blood, contain smooth eosinophilic, proteinaceous fluid, occasional WBCs

119
Q

what happens in elephantiasis

A

pericytes set up in lymphatics to restrict lymph flow from peripheral tissues

Histology (27 decks)

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