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Histology > Leukocytes > Flashcards

Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

what part of the blood do leukocytes make up

A

the buffy coat

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2
Q

how do leukocytes leave circulation

A

margination, pavementing, and diapedesis

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3
Q

how do WBCs travel through capillaries and venules

A

they stick to the endothelial cell surface and squeeze between the capillaries and venules with psuedopodia

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4
Q

what is the function of leukocytes

A

immune response

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5
Q

how are WBCs categorized

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

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6
Q

what are primary granules

A

azurophilic granules, they stain blue-purple and contain lysosomal enzymes

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7
Q

what do secondary granulocytes contain

A

lysozyme and alkaline phosphatases

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8
Q

what are the types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

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9
Q

describe the appearance of granulocytes

A

single, multi lobed nucleus and prominent cytoplasmic granules

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10
Q

describe neutrophils

A

multi lobed nucleus, polymorphonuclear cells, most common, short lived

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11
Q

how do neutrophils obtain energy

A

through primary anaerobic glycolysis

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12
Q

what do primary granules in neutrophils contain

A

antimicrobial myeloperoxidase

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13
Q

what do neutrophils contain

A

inflammatory mediators and complement activators, proteases, defensins, lactoferrin, and lysozyme

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14
Q

what do tertiary granules in neutrophils contain

A

gelatinase

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15
Q

what type of inflammation are neutrophils involved with

A

acute

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16
Q

what is the main function of neutrophils

A

phagocytosis that leads to formation of phagolysosome to digest bacteria

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17
Q

what is a respiratory burst

A

bacterial killing by generating hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid

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18
Q

what are stab cells

A

(band cells), immature neutrophils, can indicated chronic infection and be identified by an underdeveloped nucleus

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19
Q

what is a barr body

A

inactive X chromosome in females, can be identified by looking like a “drumstick”

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20
Q

describe basophils

A

least common, bilobed nucleus, mast cells are the same thing, characterized by large, basophilic specific granules

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21
Q

describe the appearance of mast cells

A

look comma shaped and have granules

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22
Q

what do specific granules in basophils contain

A

hydrolytic enzymes, heparin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, histamine, leukotrienes

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23
Q

what type of reactions would you see basophils involved in

A

asthma, hayfever, and some types of allergic dermatitis

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24
Q

what counteract the effects of basophils

A

eosinophils

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25
Q

what color do eosinophils stain

A

red

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26
Q

describe the appearance of eosinophils

A

bilobed nucleus

27
Q

what type of surface receptors do eosinophils have

A

IgE

28
Q

what do eosinophil specific granules contain

A

histaminase, eosinophil peroxidase, lysosomal enz’s, major basic protein

29
Q

what attracts eosinophils to basophils and mast cells

A

eosinophilic chemotactic factor (ECF)

30
Q

what roles do eosinophils play

A

important in hypersensitivity reactions to counteract effects of basophils and have antiparasitic function

31
Q

what are the 2 types of agranuloctyes

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

32
Q

describe agranulocytes (general)

A

single, unlobed nucleus
- lack secondary granules but have primary azurophilic granules

33
Q

what is the largest WBC

A

monocytes

34
Q

describe the appearance of monocytes

A

-nucleus is bean shaped and blue/lavender in color
- large cytoplasm

35
Q

what do monocytes become when they enter tissue

A

macrophages

36
Q

what is the lifespan of monocytes in tissue

A

several months

37
Q

what are examples of fixed tissue macrophages

A

kupfer cells in liver, microglial cells in CNS, langerhans cells in skin, dust cells in lungs, and osteoclasts in bone

38
Q

describe macrophages

A

highly mobile, phagocytic, contain abundant hydrolytic enzymes

39
Q

when are macrophages active

A

in subacute to chronic infections

40
Q

what do macrophages fuse together to become

A

giant cells

41
Q

what do monocytes/macrophages do in lymphoid organs

A

function as antigen presenting cells

42
Q

when are lymphocytes active

A

in subacute to chronic infections, viral infections

43
Q

what is the lifespan of lymphocytes

A

days to years

44
Q

describe the appearance of lymphocytes

A

round, densely staining nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm

45
Q

what are the types of lymphocytes

A

b cells and t cells

46
Q

where are B cells formed and where do they mature

A

formed in bone marrow and become mature in bone marrow

47
Q

what do B cells function in

A

humorally mediated immune response to produce antibodies

48
Q

what is amplification/clonal expansion

A

beta cells undergo multiple divisions to produce clones of antibody producing plasma cells after encountering an antigen

49
Q

why do B cells look lopsided

A

antibodies are stored in the cytoplasm
theyre “pregnant”

50
Q

what are B cells that do not replicate known as

A

memory cells

51
Q

where are T cells formed and where do they mature

A

formed in bone marrow but mature in thymus

52
Q

what are T cells responsible for

A

cell-mediated immunity.
-they have paratopes (receptors) that recognize epitopes (foreign proteins of antigens)
- they have CD molecules that prevent self destruction

53
Q

what are the types of T cells

A

cytotoxic, suppressor and helper lymphocytes

54
Q

what do cytotoxic/ killer T cells do

A

recognize cells with foreign surface antigens or receptors and kill them by punching holes in plasma membranes

55
Q

what do helper t cells do

A

detect invaders, recognize antigens presented by B cell or macrophage then secrete lymphokines that act as pheromones to B cells for antibody production or to killer T cells to kill them

56
Q

what do suppresor T cells do

A

suppress activity of B cells, dampen immune response

57
Q

what are null cells

A

lymphocytes that possess Fc receptors but lack specific cell surface markers of either b or t cells

58
Q

what is an example of null cells

A

natural killer cells

59
Q

what are null cells responsible for

A
  • nonspecific cytotoxicity against virus infected and tumor cells
  • antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
60
Q

what is the mnemonic to remember relative concentrations of WBCs

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

61
Q

what is a CBC

A

total number of WBCs

62
Q

what would an increase in WBCs tell you

A

infection/tumor
- increased neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils

63
Q

what would a decrease in WBCs tell you

A

immune suppression/tumor
- neutropenia
-decrease in platelets

Histology (27 decks)

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