Leukocytes

Question 1

what part of the blood do leukocytes make up

Answer 1

the buffy coat

Question 2

how do leukocytes leave circulation

Answer 2

margination, pavementing, and diapedesis

Question 3

how do WBCs travel through capillaries and venules

Answer 3

they stick to the endothelial cell surface and squeeze between the capillaries and venules with psuedopodia

Question 4

what is the function of leukocytes

Answer 4

immune response

Question 5

how are WBCs categorized

Answer 5

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 6

what are primary granules

Answer 6

azurophilic granules, they stain blue-purple and contain lysosomal enzymes

Question 7

what do secondary granulocytes contain

Answer 7

lysozyme and alkaline phosphatases

Question 8

what are the types of granulocytes

Answer 8

neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

Question 9

describe the appearance of granulocytes

Answer 9

single, multi lobed nucleus and prominent cytoplasmic granules

Question 10

describe neutrophils

Answer 10

multi lobed nucleus, polymorphonuclear cells, most common, short lived

Question 11

how do neutrophils obtain energy

Answer 11

through primary anaerobic glycolysis

Question 12

what do primary granules in neutrophils contain

Answer 12

antimicrobial myeloperoxidase

Question 13

what do neutrophils contain

Answer 13

inflammatory mediators and complement activators, proteases, defensins, lactoferrin, and lysozyme

Question 14

what do tertiary granules in neutrophils contain

Answer 14

gelatinase

Question 15

what type of inflammation are neutrophils involved with

Answer 15

acute

Question 16

what is the main function of neutrophils

Answer 16

phagocytosis that leads to formation of phagolysosome to digest bacteria

Question 17

what is a respiratory burst

Answer 17

bacterial killing by generating hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid

Question 18

what are stab cells

Answer 18

(band cells), immature neutrophils, can indicated chronic infection and be identified by an underdeveloped nucleus

Question 19

what is a barr body

Answer 19

inactive X chromosome in females, can be identified by looking like a “drumstick”

Question 20

describe basophils

Answer 20

least common, bilobed nucleus, mast cells are the same thing, characterized by large, basophilic specific granules

Question 21

describe the appearance of mast cells

Answer 21

look comma shaped and have granules

Question 22

what do specific granules in basophils contain

Answer 22

hydrolytic enzymes, heparin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, histamine, leukotrienes

Question 23

what type of reactions would you see basophils involved in

Answer 23

asthma, hayfever, and some types of allergic dermatitis

Question 24

what counteract the effects of basophils

Answer 24

eosinophils

Question 25

what color do eosinophils stain

Answer 25

red

Question 26

describe the appearance of eosinophils

Answer 26

bilobed nucleus

Question 27

what type of surface receptors do eosinophils have

Answer 27

IgE

Question 28

what do eosinophil specific granules contain

Answer 28

histaminase, eosinophil peroxidase, lysosomal enz's, major basic protein

Question 29

what attracts eosinophils to basophils and mast cells

Answer 29

eosinophilic chemotactic factor (ECF)

Question 30

what roles do eosinophils play

Answer 30

important in hypersensitivity reactions to counteract effects of basophils and have antiparasitic function

Question 31

what are the 2 types of agranuloctyes

Answer 31

monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 32

describe agranulocytes (general)

Answer 32

single, unlobed nucleus - lack secondary granules but have primary azurophilic granules

Question 33

what is the largest WBC

Answer 33

monocytes

Question 34

describe the appearance of monocytes

Answer 34

-nucleus is bean shaped and blue/lavender in color - large cytoplasm

Question 35

what do monocytes become when they enter tissue

Answer 35

macrophages

Question 36

what is the lifespan of monocytes in tissue

Answer 36

several months

Question 37

what are examples of fixed tissue macrophages

Answer 37

kupfer cells in liver, microglial cells in CNS, langerhans cells in skin, dust cells in lungs, and osteoclasts in bone

Question 38

describe macrophages

Answer 38

highly mobile, phagocytic, contain abundant hydrolytic enzymes

Question 39

when are macrophages active

Answer 39

in subacute to chronic infections

Question 40

what do macrophages fuse together to become

Answer 40

giant cells

Question 41

what do monocytes/macrophages do in lymphoid organs

Answer 41

function as antigen presenting cells

Question 42

when are lymphocytes active

Answer 42

in subacute to chronic infections, viral infections

Question 43

what is the lifespan of lymphocytes

Answer 43

days to years

Question 44

describe the appearance of lymphocytes

Answer 44

round, densely staining nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm

Question 45

what are the types of lymphocytes

Answer 45

b cells and t cells

Question 46

where are B cells formed and where do they mature

Answer 46

formed in bone marrow and become mature in bone marrow

Question 47

what do B cells function in

Answer 47

humorally mediated immune response to produce antibodies

Question 48

what is amplification/clonal expansion

Answer 48

beta cells undergo multiple divisions to produce clones of antibody producing plasma cells after encountering an antigen

Question 49

why do B cells look lopsided

Answer 49

antibodies are stored in the cytoplasm theyre "pregnant"

Question 50

what are B cells that do not replicate known as

Answer 50

memory cells

Question 51

where are T cells formed and where do they mature

Answer 51

formed in bone marrow but mature in thymus

Question 52

what are T cells responsible for

Answer 52

cell-mediated immunity. -they have paratopes (receptors) that recognize epitopes (foreign proteins of antigens) - they have CD molecules that prevent self destruction

Question 53

what are the types of T cells

Answer 53

cytotoxic, suppressor and helper lymphocytes

Question 54

what do cytotoxic/ killer T cells do

Answer 54

recognize cells with foreign surface antigens or receptors and kill them by punching holes in plasma membranes

Question 55

what do helper t cells do

Answer 55

detect invaders, recognize antigens presented by B cell or macrophage then secrete lymphokines that act as pheromones to B cells for antibody production or to killer T cells to kill them

Question 56

what do suppresor T cells do

Answer 56

suppress activity of B cells, dampen immune response

Question 57

what are null cells

Answer 57

lymphocytes that possess Fc receptors but lack specific cell surface markers of either b or t cells

Question 58

what is an example of null cells

Answer 58

natural killer cells

Question 59

what are null cells responsible for

Answer 59

- nonspecific cytotoxicity against virus infected and tumor cells - antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

Question 60

what is the mnemonic to remember relative concentrations of WBCs

Answer 60

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Question 61

what is a CBC

Answer 61

total number of WBCs

Question 62

what would an increase in WBCs tell you

Answer 62

infection/tumor - increased neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils

Question 63

what would a decrease in WBCs tell you

Answer 63

immune suppression/tumor - neutropenia -decrease in platelets