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Histology > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what is the structural and function unit of the nervous system

A

a neuron

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2
Q

what is the function of a neuron

A

to relay signals from internal and external environment

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3
Q

where are most neuron cell bodies located

A

the CNS

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4
Q

what parts of neurons can divide

A

regeneration of axons are possible. neurons in olfactory areas and hippocampus can divide

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5
Q

what are the basic cell types of nervous tisxue

A

neurons and supporting cells

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6
Q

what is the function of supporting cells

A

provide physical support and protection, electrical insulation and metabolic exchange

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7
Q

what are the 3 categories of supporting cells

A

neuroglia in CNS, Schwann cells in PNS, satellite cells in ganglia

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8
Q

what is a soma and what does it contain

A

it is the cell body of the nucleus and it contains the nucleus and cytoplasm

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9
Q

what is another word for the cytoplasm of the soma of a neuron

A

perikaryon

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10
Q

what is the nissal substance in a neuron made of

A

rough ER

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11
Q

what is the neurilemma

A

plasma membrane surrounding the neuron cell

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12
Q

what are the contents of a neuron

A

soma, nissl substance, neurilemma, melanin, lipofusin

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of a neuron

A

1 or more dendrites and a single axon

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14
Q

what is the function of dendrites

A

receive stimuli from other neurons or environment (AFFERENT)

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15
Q

what is the function of an axon

A

transmits stimuli to other neurons or effector cells (EFFERENT)

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16
Q

what does the axon arise from

A

the axon hillock

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17
Q

what is the axon hillock

A

terminates in distal swelling called the terminal bouton

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18
Q

what is axonal transport

A

movement of products down the axon

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19
Q

what are the types of axonal transport and what do they carry

A

-slow axonal transport: cytoskeletal elements
-fast axonal transport: membrane bound organelles

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20
Q

what is anterograde transport and what protein does it use

A

transport from cell body down axon uses kinesin

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21
Q

what is retrograde transport and what protein does it use

A

transport from axon to cell body uses dynein

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22
Q

what is a mutli polar neuron

A

several dendrites surrounding cell body located at the end , single axon, most common

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23
Q

what is a bipolar neuron

A

single dendrite opposite the axon. cell body is in the middle of the axon, dendrites are at the end

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24
Q

what is a unipolar axon

A

no dendrites on cell body, axon only

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25
Q

what is a pseudounipolar axon

A

single dendrite and axon fuse, cell body is off to one side

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26
Q

where are sodium and chloride concentrations high

A

outside the cell

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27
Q

where is potassium concentration high

A

inside the cell

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28
Q

describe the steps of depolarization of a membrane

A
  • AP arises in cell body as a result of an afferent stimulus
    -causes regions of plasma membrane to depolarize
  • voltage gated Na channels open and Na rushes into the cell
  • voltage gated K leak channels open and K rapidly leaks out of the cell
    -membrane potential gets closer to zero
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29
Q

what happens inthe absolute refractory period

A

Na channels close and cant reopen, nerves are unresponsive to stimuli

30
Q

what happens in the relative refractory period

A

only a strong stimulus can initiate depolarization

31
Q

what marks the end of the refractory period

A

when Na channels close and voltage gated K channels also close

32
Q

what are synapses

A

specialized junctions between neurons

33
Q

what are neuromuscular junctions

A

specialized junction between neuron and effector cell

34
Q

what is entrainment

A

“muscle memory”, the more a pathway is used, the easier it is to access

35
Q

what is the terminal bouton separated from the effector cell by

A

the synaptic cleft

36
Q

what does the terminal bouton contain

A

mitochondria and synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters

37
Q

what are signaling molecules released from

A

presynaptic membrnae

38
Q

what 2 neurotransmitters are used in the PNS

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

39
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system use as a neurotransmitter

A

noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

40
Q

what are sympathetic neurons called

A

adrenergic neurons

41
Q

what are parasympathetic neurons called

A

cholinergic neurons

42
Q

what do parasympathetic neurons use as a neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

43
Q

what do vesicles on the post synaptic membrane contain

A

hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes

44
Q

what do hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes do in the post synaptic membrane

A

degrade NT after binding to postsynaptic membrane and thus inactivate it during consecutive impulses to prevent continuous stimulation

45
Q

what types of axons does peripheral nervous tissue have

A

afferent and efferent axons of somatic or autonomic nerves

46
Q

where are cell bodies of peripheral nerves located

A

in CNS or ganglia

47
Q

what do peripheral nerves contain

A

fasicles

48
Q

what are fascicles

A

a bundle of axons

49
Q

what are schwann cells derived from

A

neural crest

50
Q

what do schwann cells do

A

provide metabolic support and electrical insulation

51
Q

describe non myelinated nerve axons

A

several axons lie in channels within a schwann cell surrounded by a single layer of neurilemma

52
Q

describe a myelinated nerve axon

A

insulated by many concentric layers of plasma membrane from many schwann cells

53
Q

what forms the myelin sheath

A

the multiple layers of plasma membrane

54
Q

what are nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath between adjacent schwann cells. responsible for saltatory conduction

55
Q

where does membrane depolarization occur

A

only at nodes, not beneath schwann cells

56
Q

why is it helpful to the cell that membrane depolarization only occurs at nodes

A

it is faster, conserves electrolytes and is energy efficient

57
Q

what are myelinated nerves in the CNS surrounded by

A

oligodendrocytes

58
Q

describe a myelinated neuron in the CNS

A

surrounded by an oligodendrocyte. surrounds several nerves with more than one layer of plasma membrane

59
Q

describe the relationship between rate of conduction and the diameter of the axon

A

the larger the axon the faster the conduction rate

60
Q

what does the endoneurium surround

A

individual axon and schwann cells

61
Q

what does the perineum surround

A

fasicles

62
Q

what does the epineurium surround

A

several fasicles

63
Q

what do blood vessels follow

A

the epineurium and perineurium

64
Q

where are preganglionic and postganglionic neurons found

A

in ANS connecting CNS to viscera

65
Q

where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons found

A

grey matter of brain and cord in CNS

66
Q

where are the cell bodies of postganglionic axons found

A

ganglia

67
Q

what are satellite cells and what do they do

A

surround soma, derived from neural crest and provide structural and metabolic support

68
Q

where are sympathetic ganglia located

A

vertebral column

69
Q

where are parasympathetic ganglia located

A

in or near the effector organ

70
Q

what makes up a sympathetic ganglia

A

prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia

71
Q

where are prevertebral ganglia located

A

anterior to spine

72
Q

where are paravertebral ganglia located

A

sympathetic trunk

Histology (27 decks)

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