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Histology > August 23- Metabolism Review BIOCHEM!! NOT HISTO > Flashcards

August 23- Metabolism Review BIOCHEM!! NOT HISTO Flashcards

1
Q

what is an amphibolic pathway

A

pathway that involves catabolism and anabolism

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2
Q

there are 3 steps in the glycolytic pathway. what are the enzymes involved in each step in order

A

hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

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3
Q

what is the main substrate and products of the glycolytic pathway

A

substrate: glucose
product: 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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4
Q

the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (in the glycolytic pathway) is catalyzed by which two enzymes

A

hexokinase and glucokinase

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5
Q

what does hexokinase do

A

it phosphorylates hexoses

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6
Q

under what conditions does hexokinase operate under

A

normal concetrations of glucsoe

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7
Q

what does glucokinase do

A

it phosphorylates glucose

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8
Q

under what conditions does glucokinase operate

A

high concentrations of glucose

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9
Q

what does phosphofructokinase do

A

converts fructose 6 phosphate into fructose 1,6 diphosphate

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10
Q

what is hexokinase inhibited by

A

its product

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11
Q

what is phosphofructokinase inhibited by

A

high concentrations of ATP, citrate and long chain fatty acids

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12
Q

what is phosphofructokinase stimulated by

A

high concentrations of ADP or AMP

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13
Q

what does pyruvate kinase do

A

the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

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14
Q

what happens to the other steps when one step in the glycolytic pathway is inhibited

A

they are all inhibited

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15
Q

what is an alternative to glycolysis

A

the pentose phosphate pathway

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16
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm of cells

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17
Q

what are the key enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway

A

glucose 6P DH, transketolase, transaldolase, transketolase

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18
Q

what is the substrate and products of the pentose phosphate pathway

A

substrate: glucose 6P
product: NADPH, ribose, and other intermediate molecules used in the TCA cycle

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19
Q

where does the pentose phosphate pathway occur

A

in the cytosol especially in the liver, and adipose

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20
Q

what is pentose phosphate pathway controlled by

A

glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase

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21
Q

what is pentose phosphate pathway inhibited by

A

high levels of NADPH and fatty acid intermediates

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22
Q

what forms is glucose stored in

A

glycogen, starch, sucrose

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23
Q

where does gluconeogenesis occur

A

in the liver or the kidneys

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24
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucsoe from noncarbohydrate precursors

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25
what are the substrates for gluconeogenesis
amino acids, lactic acid, glycerol
26
does gluconeogenesis use atp
yes
27
what is glycogenesis
synthesis of glycogen from glucose
28
where does glycogenesis occur
the liver
29
what is glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen into glucose and glucose-1- phosphate
30
where does glycogenolysis occur
the liver
31
what is the substrate and products of the krebs cycle
substrate: acetyl coA product: 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
32
where does the krebs cycle occur
matrix of mitochondria
33
Where is the ETC located
inner mitochondrial membrane
34
what are the substrates and products of the ETC
substrates: NADH, FADH2, O2 and ADP products: water, CO2 and ATP
35
what is respiration
aerobic cells obtain energy via oxidation of fuels by oxygen
36
what are the 3 stages of respiration
1. formation of acetyl co A from pyruvate 2. Krebs cycle yields CO2 and H atoms 3. ETC
37
What complexes does NADH work with in the ETC
1
38
what complex does FADH2 work with in ETC
2
39
what complexes are protons pumped through in the ETC
1,3,4
40
how many molecules of ATP does NADH yield
3
41
how many molecules of ATP does FADH2 yield
2
42
how many molecules of ATP can one molecule of glucose generate
30-32
43
how many molecules of ATP can fatty acid beta oxidation of palmitate yield
129
44
how are fatty acids transported in the serum
albumin
45
what is the main storage form of fatty acids
triglycerides
46
how are blood triglycerides transported
chylormicrons and VLDL
47
where are chylomicrons formed and what do they do
formed in the small intestine and transport mainly triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins from the diet into the bloodstream
48
where is VLDL made and what does it do
made by the liver and transports endogenous triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters
49
what configuration are most unsaturated fatty acids found in
cis fatty acids
50
do cis or trans unsaturated fatty acids pack closer
trans
51
what is Beta oxidation of fatty acids
catabolic pathway that cells use to breakdwon fatty acids into acetyl- co A to enter krebs cycle
52
where does beta oxidation occur
activation occurs in cytoplasm but oxidation takes place in mitochondria
53
how do fatty acids under beta oxidation enter the mitochondria
a carnitine transport system
54
does beta oxidation require ATP
yes`
55
explain the carnitine transport pathway in beta oxidation
activated fatty acid diffuses across outer mitochondrial membrane but has to be transported across inner membrane. once trasnported it converts into acetyl co A
56
what is amino acid oxidation
process by which amino acids are converted into end products that are utilized by other metabolic pathways
57
where does amino acid oxidation occur
liver
58
what is the urea cycel
metabolic pathway for detoxyfying excess nitrogen in the form of ammonia by converting it into uric acid or urea
59
where does the urea cycle occur
liver
60
what are the substrates and products of urea cycle
substrate: ammonia prodcut: uric acid or urea

Histology (27 decks)

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