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Histology > August 23- Metabolism Review BIOCHEM!! NOT HISTO > Flashcards

August 23- Metabolism Review BIOCHEM!! NOT HISTO Flashcards

1
Q

what is an amphibolic pathway

A

pathway that involves catabolism and anabolism

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2
Q

there are 3 steps in the glycolytic pathway. what are the enzymes involved in each step in order

A

hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

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3
Q

what is the main substrate and products of the glycolytic pathway

A

substrate: glucose
product: 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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4
Q

the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (in the glycolytic pathway) is catalyzed by which two enzymes

A

hexokinase and glucokinase

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5
Q

what does hexokinase do

A

it phosphorylates hexoses

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6
Q

under what conditions does hexokinase operate under

A

normal concetrations of glucsoe

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7
Q

what does glucokinase do

A

it phosphorylates glucose

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8
Q

under what conditions does glucokinase operate

A

high concentrations of glucose

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9
Q

what does phosphofructokinase do

A

converts fructose 6 phosphate into fructose 1,6 diphosphate

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10
Q

what is hexokinase inhibited by

A

its product

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11
Q

what is phosphofructokinase inhibited by

A

high concentrations of ATP, citrate and long chain fatty acids

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12
Q

what is phosphofructokinase stimulated by

A

high concentrations of ADP or AMP

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13
Q

what does pyruvate kinase do

A

the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

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14
Q

what happens to the other steps when one step in the glycolytic pathway is inhibited

A

they are all inhibited

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15
Q

what is an alternative to glycolysis

A

the pentose phosphate pathway

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16
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm of cells

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17
Q

what are the key enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway

A

glucose 6P DH, transketolase, transaldolase, transketolase

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18
Q

what is the substrate and products of the pentose phosphate pathway

A

substrate: glucose 6P
product: NADPH, ribose, and other intermediate molecules used in the TCA cycle

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19
Q

where does the pentose phosphate pathway occur

A

in the cytosol especially in the liver, and adipose

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20
Q

what is pentose phosphate pathway controlled by

A

glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase

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21
Q

what is pentose phosphate pathway inhibited by

A

high levels of NADPH and fatty acid intermediates

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22
Q

what forms is glucose stored in

A

glycogen, starch, sucrose

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23
Q

where does gluconeogenesis occur

A

in the liver or the kidneys

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24
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucsoe from noncarbohydrate precursors

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25
Q

what are the substrates for gluconeogenesis

A

amino acids, lactic acid, glycerol

26
Q

does gluconeogenesis use atp

A

yes

27
Q

what is glycogenesis

A

synthesis of glycogen from glucose

28
Q

where does glycogenesis occur

A

the liver

29
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose and glucose-1- phosphate

30
Q

where does glycogenolysis occur

A

the liver

31
Q

what is the substrate and products of the krebs cycle

A

substrate: acetyl coA
product: 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

32
Q

where does the krebs cycle occur

A

matrix of mitochondria

33
Q

Where is the ETC located

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

34
Q

what are the substrates and products of the ETC

A

substrates: NADH, FADH2, O2 and ADP
products: water, CO2 and ATP

35
Q

what is respiration

A

aerobic cells obtain energy via oxidation of fuels by oxygen

36
Q

what are the 3 stages of respiration

A
  1. formation of acetyl co A from pyruvate
  2. Krebs cycle yields CO2 and H atoms
  3. ETC
37
Q

What complexes does NADH work with in the ETC

A

1

38
Q

what complex does FADH2 work with in ETC

A

2

39
Q

what complexes are protons pumped through in the ETC

A

1,3,4

40
Q

how many molecules of ATP does NADH yield

A

3

41
Q

how many molecules of ATP does FADH2 yield

A

2

42
Q

how many molecules of ATP can one molecule of glucose generate

A

30-32

43
Q

how many molecules of ATP can fatty acid beta oxidation of palmitate yield

A

129

44
Q

how are fatty acids transported in the serum

A

albumin

45
Q

what is the main storage form of fatty acids

A

triglycerides

46
Q

how are blood triglycerides transported

A

chylormicrons and VLDL

47
Q

where are chylomicrons formed and what do they do

A

formed in the small intestine and transport mainly triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins from the diet into the bloodstream

48
Q

where is VLDL made and what does it do

A

made by the liver and transports endogenous triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters

49
Q

what configuration are most unsaturated fatty acids found in

A

cis fatty acids

50
Q

do cis or trans unsaturated fatty acids pack closer

A

trans

51
Q

what is Beta oxidation of fatty acids

A

catabolic pathway that cells use to breakdwon fatty acids into acetyl- co A to enter krebs cycle

52
Q

where does beta oxidation occur

A

activation occurs in cytoplasm but oxidation takes place in mitochondria

53
Q

how do fatty acids under beta oxidation enter the mitochondria

A

a carnitine transport system

54
Q

does beta oxidation require ATP

A

yes`

55
Q

explain the carnitine transport pathway in beta oxidation

A

activated fatty acid diffuses across outer mitochondrial membrane but has to be transported across inner membrane. once trasnported it converts into acetyl co A

56
Q

what is amino acid oxidation

A

process by which amino acids are converted into end products that are utilized by other metabolic pathways

57
Q

where does amino acid oxidation occur

A

liver

58
Q

what is the urea cycel

A

metabolic pathway for detoxyfying excess nitrogen in the form of ammonia by converting it into uric acid or urea

59
Q

where does the urea cycle occur

A

liver

60
Q

what are the substrates and products of urea cycle

A

substrate: ammonia
prodcut: uric acid or urea

Histology (27 decks)

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