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Histology > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what are meningothelial cells supported by and what is their function

A

supported by connective tissue and have protective function

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2
Q

where are the meninges located

A

outer layer of brain and cord in CNS

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3
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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4
Q

describe the dura mater

A

thick layer of dense CT internally lined by mesothelium

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5
Q

what does the dura mater fuse with in the cranium

A

periosteum of the skull

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6
Q

what is the subarachnoid space lined with

A

flattened mesothelial cells

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7
Q

what is the pia mater adhered to

A

the surface of the brain and cord

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8
Q

what makes up the leptomeninges

A

pia and arachnoid mater

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9
Q

what are neurons in the CNS derived from

A

neuroectodermal cells of the neural tube

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10
Q

what is the spatial relationship between grey matter and white matter in the cerebral cortex

A

gray matter is peripheral and white matter is central

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11
Q

what does peripheral gray matter contain

A

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and axons

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12
Q

what does central white matter contain

A

myelinated axons

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13
Q

what are neuroglia and what is their function

A

-they are highly branched support cells in CNS
-they function to provide structural and metabolic support for neurons

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14
Q

what are the 4 types of neuroglia

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

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15
Q

what are oligodendrocytes and where are they located

A

make myelin sheaths in the CNS, located mostly in white matter

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16
Q

what are astrocytes and what is their function

A

most highly branched, largest neuroglial cells
- provide structural and metabolic support and aid in tissue repair following injury

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17
Q

what are microglia and what is their function

A

-phagocytic, fixed-tissue macrophages, smallest neuroglial cells
-function: immune

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18
Q

where are ependymal cells found and what is their function

A

-cuboidal epithelium lining ventricles and central canal of spinal cord, ciliated for reabsorption of CSF
-job is to circulate and reabsorb CSF to prevent accumulation

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19
Q

what secretes CSF

A

the choroid plexus

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20
Q

what is the choroid plexus

A

vascular structure arising from walls of ventricles of the brain
-contains ependymal cells that secrete CSF

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21
Q

what is the function of CSF

A

acts as a shock absorber

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22
Q

what does the neocortex include

A

sensory, motor, and association areas

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23
Q

what are the folds of the cerebrum called

A

gyri

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24
Q

what are nuclei in the cerebrum

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies that form islands of gray matter in the cerebrum and cerebellum

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25
Q

what are the neuroglial cells in gray matter

A

microglial cells, astrocytes, and neuron cell bodies

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26
Q

what neuroglia does the white matter contain

A

oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

what are tracts in gray matter

A

axons leading in and out that are grouped in bundles

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28
Q

how do you distinguish neuron cell bodies in a slide of gray matter

A

they are triangular with a small nucleus attached and a white halo

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29
Q

what are the 6 layers of cortical neurons from superficial to deep

A

plexiform, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, ganglionic, fusiform

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30
Q

what are pyramidal cells

A

pyramid shaped neurons with long, slender axons carying in size from small to large
-most common neuron cell body

31
Q

what are betz cells

A

largest pyramidal cells that are upper motor neurons in motor cortex

32
Q

what are stellate (granule) cells

A

small start shaped neurons with short axons and dendrites

33
Q

what are cells of martinotti

A

small neurons with long, horizontal axons

34
Q

what are fusiform cells

A

vertically oriented, spindle shaped neurons with vertical axons

35
Q

what are horizontal cells of cajal

A

horizontally oriented, spindle shaped neurons with horizontal axons
-least common type, only found in superficial layer

36
Q

what are the 5 types of cortical neurons

A

-pyramidal cells
-stellate
-cells of martinotti
-fusiform cells
-horizontal cells of cajal

37
Q

what does the plexiform layer contain

A

mostly dendrites and axons of cortical neurons

38
Q

what does the outer granular layer contain

A

large numbers of small pyramidal and stellate cells

39
Q

what is in the pyramidal cell layer

A

large cells located deep in layer, martinotti cells

40
Q

what is in the inner granular layer

A

densely packed stellate cells

41
Q

what is in the ganglionic layer

A

large pyramidal cells, stellate cells, and cells of martinotti

42
Q

what is in the multiform cell layer

A

small pyramidal cells, cells of martinotti, stellate cells and fusiform cells

43
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

coordinates muscular activity, posture and equilibrium

44
Q

what are the folds of the cerebellum called

A

folia

45
Q

what are the layers of the outer cerebellar cortex

A

outer molecular layer and inner granular layer

46
Q

what does the outer molecular layer of the cerebeullum contain

A

few neurons and large numbers of unmyelinated axons

47
Q

what does the inner granular layer of the cerebellum contain

A

highly cellular, very basophilic, contains large number of neuroglial cells and small neurons called granule cells

48
Q

what are purkinje cells

A

specialized neurons that function in coordination and equilibrium. separates the molecular and granular layers in the cerebellum

49
Q

what is the ventral median fissure

A

a line that bisects the ventral side of the spinal cord

50
Q

what does the central canal contain and what is it lined with

A

contains CSF and is lined with ependymal cells

51
Q

what is the spatial relationship between the grey matter and white matter in the spinal cord

A

the grey matter is located centrally, and the white matter is located peripherally

52
Q

what does grey matter in the spinal cord contain

A

cell bodies and axons

53
Q

what connects the 2 dorsal horns and 2 ventral horns

A

a central commissure

54
Q

where is the central canal found

A

in the central commissure

55
Q

how does the PNS respond to injury

A

connective tissue scar and schwann cells form bridge between severed ends of nerve

56
Q

how does an axon regenerate in the PNS

A

if the gap is not too big:
1. schwann cells mutliply to physically bridge the gao
2. nerve axon sprouts neurites from proximal stump
3. neurites grow into distal stump; contact reestablishes function

57
Q

what is anterograde (wallerian) degeneration

A

loss of an axon

58
Q

what is retrograde degeneration

A

loss of a cell body

59
Q

what is chromatolysis

A

when a cell body is injured the neuron swells and becomes brightly eosinophilic and loses Nissl substance

60
Q

how does the CNS respond to injury

A

neuroglial cells multiply, scar tissue proliferation from glial cells prevents regeneration and physically blocks contact between cell body and axon

61
Q

what happens in ALS (neurons)

A

due to death of motor neurons controlling voluntary muscle movement

62
Q

what is meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges,

63
Q

what is encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

64
Q

what is myelitis

A

inflammation of the spinal cord

65
Q

what is encephalomyelitis

A

inflammation of brain and cord

66
Q

what is meningoencephalitis

A

inflammation of the meninges and brain

67
Q

what happens in viral meningitis

A

transient lymphocytic infiltrate

68
Q

what happens in bacterial meningitis

A

neutrophilic infiltrate and may be life threatening

69
Q

what happens in polio

A

affects alpha motor neurons of ventral horn of spinal cord
-lower motor neuron paralysis and subsequent muscular atrophy
-eradicated

70
Q

what happens in parkinsons disease

A

neurodegenerative disease characterized by muscular tremor due to death of neurons in substantia nigra
-decreased dopamine production in brain

71
Q

what happens in alzheimers disease

A

form of dementia characterized by neural plaques and fibrillary tangles within cortex

72
Q

what is MS and who does it affect

A
  • an autoimmune, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS
    -antibodies destroy myelin sheaths around axons which leads to plaque formation
    -affects women 20-40 y/o
73
Q

what is guillain barre syndrom

A

immune-mediated demyelination in PNS
- often initiated by infection ->progressive weakness in peripheral muscles

Histology (27 decks)

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