Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Skeletal system - Part 2 > Flashcards

Skeletal system - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does compact bone contain

A

haversian systems called osteons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how are osteons produced

A

bony remodeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is bony remodeling

A

removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and redeposition of new bone by osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how big are the haversian systems

A

same size of an osteoclast ~200 micrometers in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the outer margin of the osteon deliminted by

A

cement line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what invades the empty canal

A

osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe the ultrastructure of compact bone

A

concentric bony lamellae laid down by successive layers of osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do osteoblasts mature

A

they get trapped in lacunae in osteoid matrix and mature into osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are osteocytes connected by

A

canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do canaliculi use to communicate

A

gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the center of each osteon

A

haversian canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are the blood vessels and nerves located that supply osteocytes

A

in the haversian canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what connects longitudinal haversian canals

A

transverse Volkmann’s canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are waste and nutrients exchanged in compact bone

A

via haversian vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how are haverisian systems oriented in relation to the long axis of bone

A

parallel along tension lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are interstitial systems

A

inactive Haversian canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where is the haversian system located

A

only compact lamellar bone, not spongy woven bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is outer periphery of cortical bone arranged in

A

circumferential lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what covers the periphery of cortical bone

A

periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is bone growth controlled by

A

growth hormone, thyroid hormone, and sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the ways to make bone

A

endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens in endochondral ossification

A

replacement of cartilage precursor by bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the end result of endochondral ossification

A

woven bone is extensively remodeled by resorption and appositional growth -> lamellar bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where is lamellar bone located

A

long bones, vertebrae, pelvis, and base of skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what happens in intramembranous ossification

A

direct replacement of mesenchyme by bone; no cartilage precursor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what do mesenchymal cells differentiate into in intramembranous ossification

A

osteoblasts that produce osteoid that later mineralizes into bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what bones are produced in intramembranous ossification and where are they located

A

flat bones in the vault of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what forms the precursor of long bone

A

hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where is the primary center of ossification in endochondral ossification

A

mid- diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how is the periosteal cuff formed in endochondral ossification

A

osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts secrete osteoid which mineralizes to form the periosteal cuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the periosteal cuff

A

thin layer of bone outside cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does the calcification of cartilage matrix inhibit and what does this result in

A

diffusion of nutrients that results in the death of chondrocytes and spread of osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where do osteoprogenitor cells from periosteum migrate in endochondral ossification

A

into medulla, along with growing blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

where are the secondary centers of ossification in endochondral ossification

A

epiphyses; mineralization spreads across cartilage matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

describe the epiphyseal plate in the region of metaphysis in endochondral ossification

A

it remains open (unmineralized)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does the open epiphyseal plate allow for

A

continuous longitudinal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what hormonal changes occur at maturity in endochondral ossification

A

decreased cartilage proliferation and cartilage plate replaced by bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is closure of epiphysis and when does it occur

A

complete ossification, occurs at maturity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the last bone to close in humans and at what age

A

the femur at 18-20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does the plate look like on Xrays after closure

A

growth plate is epiphyseal line in metaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are the zones in transition from cartilage to bone

A

-zone of reserve cartilage
- zone of proliferation
-zone of maturation
- zone of hypertrophy (and calcification)
- zone of (cartilage) degeneration
- zone of ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

describe the zone of reserve cartilage and what occurs there

A

hyaline cartilage with clusters of chondrocytes - no cell proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

describe the zone of proliferation and what occurs there

A

successive mitotic division of chondrocytes -> columns of chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

describe what occurs in the zone of maturation

A

division ceases; chondrocytes increase in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what occurs in the zone of hypertrophy (and calcification)

A

chondrocytes greatly enlarge, contain large amounts of glycogen, become vacuolated and calcify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what occurs in the zone of cartilage degeneration

A

capillaries of marrow cavity grow from diaphysis into growth plate
- chondrocytes degenerate; lacunae invaded by osteogenic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what occurs in the zone of ossification

A

blood vessels from marrow cavity grow into cartilage mass
- osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts, congregate on spicules of calcified cartilage matrix to form bony trabeculae

48
Q

what do mesenchymal cells differentiate into in intramembranous ossification

A

directly into osteoblasts and begin synthesizing osteoid at multiple sites (multiple centers of ossification)

49
Q

does intramembranous ossification require a precursor

A

no

50
Q

what happens after mineralization in intramembranous ossification

A

subsequent fusion of adjacent centers of ossification

51
Q

how do osteoblasts mature in intramembranous ossification

A

they become trapped in lacunae of osteoid and become osteocytes

52
Q

what do osteoprogenitor cells do in intramembranous ossification

A

continue to divide at periphery to provide replacements

53
Q

what bone is produced in intramembranous ossification

A

woven bone- later remodeled by osteoclasts and osteoblasts to form compact bone

54
Q

what is a simple or closed fracture

A

no break in skin

55
Q

what is a compound or open fracture

A

damage to skin exposing bone

56
Q

what is a comminuted fracture

A

-bone broken in several pieces
- can be open or closed

57
Q

what is a hematoma

A

when blood fills fracture site

58
Q

what happens immediately after fracture

A

inflammatory response develops - pain, swelling, redness, heat

59
Q

what happens in the acute phase of bone repair

A

neutrophils first to arrive, infiltrate hematoma, then macrophages they both clean up site of injury through phagocytosis

60
Q

what happens in bone repair after 1 week

A

fibroblasts and capillaries proliferate and grow into site

61
Q

what gets formed in bone repair

A

granulation tissue

62
Q

what does granulation tissue progess into

A

becomes progressively more fibrous in chronic phase and forms fibrous granulation tissue

63
Q

describe what happens to mesenchymal cells in bone repair

A

they differentiate into chondroblasts, secrete matrix -> progressive replacement of granulation tissue by hyaline cartilage

64
Q

what is a provisional callous made of

A

progressive replacement of granulation tissue by hyaline cartilage

65
Q

what happens in bone repair after the provisional callous

A

osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts from endosteum and periosteum at edge of wound grow inward and produce meshwork of woven bone within provisional callous, deposit calcium salts in collagen matrix

66
Q

what happens in bone repair after woven bone starts to form

A

transforms into bony callous that helps to stabilize and bind fracture together

67
Q

what should a physician do before the bony callous forms

A

realign and stabilize or set fracture

68
Q

what is a bony union

A

when fracture site completely bridged by woven bone

69
Q

what does bony callous get remodeled into

A

lamellar bone

70
Q

how long does bone repair take

A

6-12 weeks depending on location and severity

71
Q

what is a synovial joint characterized by

A

extensive movement

72
Q

what are synovial joints also known as

A

diarthroses

73
Q

what are diarthroses surrounded by

A

connective tissue capsule

74
Q

what are synovial joints lined by

A

thin, discontinuous layer of cells called synovium

75
Q

what does synovium do

A

secretes synovial fluid, bathes articular surface

76
Q

what are synovial joints made of

A

up to 4 cell layers of synovial cells of mesenchymal origin
- no basement membrane -> not a true epithelium

77
Q

what are the cells in synovial joints

A

A and B

78
Q

what do type A synoviocytes resemble

A

macrophages

79
Q

what do type B synoviocytes resemble

A

fibroblasts

80
Q

describe nonsynovial joints

A

limited movement
- joined by dense CT
lacks articular surface

81
Q

what is a syndesmosis

A

dense fibrous tissue between bones

82
Q

what do syndesmosis do in the skull

A

replaced by bone to become synostosis

83
Q

what is a synchondrosis joint and what does it contain

A

-primarily cartilage joint
- contains a single later of hyaline cartilage

84
Q

where are synchondrosis joints located

A

unites first rib with sternum, only one in human adults

85
Q

what is a symphysis joint and what does it contain

A

-secondarily cartilage joint
- contains two hyaline cartilage surfaces connected by fibrocartilage plate

86
Q

what do intervertebral joints contain

A

intervertebral discs

87
Q

what are intervertebral discs derived from

A

notochord in chordates

88
Q

what are intervertebral joints formed of

A

concentric layers of fbrocartilage

89
Q

where is the annulus fibrosus

A

around central core of viscous ground substance, nucleus pulposus in intervertebral joints

90
Q

what is a herniated disc

A

damage to annulus fibrosus that causes nucleus pulposus to herniate

91
Q

what is arthritis

A

inflammation of joints

92
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

progressive degeneration and loss of articular cartilage

93
Q

what does osteoarthritis lead to

A

eburnation, pitting, erosion -> pain, swelling and thickening of joint capsule

94
Q

what are osteophytes

A

irregular new bone at edges of articular surfaces
“bone spurs”

95
Q

what do osteophytes do

A

limit range of motion

96
Q

what can the progressive build of of osteophytes, osteoarthritis or trauma lead to

A

ankylosis

97
Q

what is ankylosis

A

bony fusion of joint with loss of mobility

98
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis

A

local, autoimmune reaction in joints -> body produces antibodies that attack joints -> pain, damage to articular cartilage; thickening, inflammation of synovial membrane

99
Q

what is a pannus

A

replacement of articular cartilage with fibrovascular tissue

100
Q

what is gout

A

deposit of urates and uric acid crystals in joints (especially fingers and toes)

101
Q

what is gout associated with diet wise

A

consumption of large quantities of red wine, meat
- asparagus, broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts
- new plant growth or high in protein or nitrogen

102
Q

what medications can cause gout

A

diuretics

103
Q

what happens in rickets

A

bone matrix doesnt calcify normally in children during growth -> soft deformed bones, can be permanent

104
Q

what is the cause of rickets

A

insufficient dietary Ca or Vit D

105
Q

what can insufficient calcium and Vitamin D lead to in adults

A

osteomalacia (failure of mineralization) -> softening of bone

106
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mass

107
Q

what happens in osteoporosis (cells)

A

resorption by osteoclasts exceeds deposition by osteoblasts

108
Q

what population is osteoporosis common in

A

post menopausal women, possibly due to decreased estrogen levels

109
Q

how is osteoporosis treated

A

with oral calcium supplementation and vitamin D for calcium absorption; chondroitin, glucosamine, gelatin

110
Q

what does fosamax do

A

osteoporosis medication, binds phosphates in GI tract to minimize absorption

111
Q

what is a side effect of fosamax

A

jaw necrosis

112
Q

what is necessary for the synthesis of collagen

A

vitamin C

113
Q

what is scurvy

A

vitamin C deficiency where bone matrix is not calcified

114
Q

how do metabolic bone disorders affect loose teeth

A

weakens collagen in periodontal ligament

115
Q

how do metabolic bone disorders affect scars or old wounds

A

break them open and they bleed

116
Q

how can metabolic bone disorders be treated through diet

A

eat fruits and vegetables high in vitamin C such as citrus fruits and guavas

Histology (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions