Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
the ____ filters waste from the bloodstream and creates urine from the filtrate
A
kidney
2
Q
what are the 3 components of the urinary tract?
A
ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
3
Q
what is the innermost layer of tissue connected to the kidneys?
A
fibrous capsule
4
Q
what is the second most inner layer of tissue connected to the kidneys?
A
perirenal fat
5
Q
what is the second most outer layer of tissue connected to the kidneys?
A
renal fascia
6
Q
what is the outermost layer of tissue around the kindeys?
A
pararenal fat
7
Q
renal pyramids are seperated by __ ____
A
renal columns
8
Q
the kidneys have an outer ____ and inner ______
A
cortex, medulla
9
Q
the tips of the renal pyramids are _____
A
papilla
10
Q
each renal papilla projects into a funnel-shaped space called the ___ _____
A
minor calyx
11
Q
the minor calyces merge to form a larger space called ___ _____
A
major calyx
12
Q
the major calyces merge together to form the ___ _____
A
renal pelvis
13
Q
the renal pelvis leads into the _____
A
ureter
14
Q
blood is carried into the kidney via ___ _____
A
renal arteries
15
Q
what category are kidneys in regard to mesenteries?
A
retroperitineal
16
Q
up to 5 ___ ____ branch from the renal artery within the renal sinus
A
segmental
17
Q
afferent arterioles enter the renal corpuscle and form a capillary network called ____ and leave via efferent arterioles
A
glomerulus
18
Q
what two things make up the renal corpuscle?
A
glomerulus, glomerular capsule
19
Q
what is the functional filtration unit of the kidney?
A
nephron
20
Q
what is made when you combine a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule?
A
renal tubule
21
Q
what type of epithelia is found in the proximal convoluted tubule?
A
simple cuboidal with microvilli (increase absorption capacity)
22
Q
the ___ ___ tubule actively reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and plasma proteins
A
proximal convoluted
23
Q
the __ _____ loops down into the medulla
A
nephron loop
24
Q
the narrow part of the nephron loop is ___ ___cells
A
simple squamous
25
the thicker part of the nephron loop is ___ ____ cells
simple cuboidal
26
the primary function of the __ ___ is to reabsorb water and solutes to the bloodstream
nephron loop
27
the primary function of the ___ ____ tubule is the secrete ions into tubular fluid
distal convoluted
28
the distal convoluted tubule is made of what type of cell?
simple cuboidal (with sparse microvilli)
29
what is the most abundant type of nephron?
cortical
30
____ nephrons work under normal conditions
cortical
31
cortical nephrons have ____ loops and are ___ in the cortex
short, high
32
____ nephrons work during periods of high activity
juxtamedullary
33
juxtamedually neurons have ____ loops and are ____ the cortex
long, near
34
what two things are the uriniferous tubule made of?
nephron, collecting system
35
the ___ ___ is the last place filtrate can be modified
uriniferous tubule
36
what are the 2 components of the uriniferous tubule?
collecting tubules, collecting duct
37
what 3 structures control the glomerular filtration rate?
podocytes, fenestrated capillaries, basement membrane
38
filtration occurs in the ___ ____
renal corpuscle
39
what two structures act as sites for secretion and reabsorption?
peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
40
what 2 structures make up the juxta glomerular apparatus?
juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa
41
where are juxtaglomerular cells located?
afferent arterioles
42
what are macula densa cells located?
distal convoluted tubule
43
the structures of the juxtaglomerular apparatus have what two roles?
regulate blood pressure, regulate glomerular filtration rate
44
the ureters pass of the ____ _____ at the bifurcation of the external and internal iliac vessels
iliac vessels
45
ureters carry urine ___ from kidneys
away
46
what are the 3 layers in order of the ureter?
mucosa, muscularis, adventitia
47
ureter mucosa is made of what?
transitional epithelium
48
ureter muscularis is made of what?
smooth muscle (thick)
49
ureter adventitia is made of what?
collagen and elastic fibers
50
what are the two components of the ureter mucosa?
lamina propria, transitional epithelium
51
what are the 4 layers of the urinary bladder?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia
52
what is urinary bladder mucosa made of?
transitional epithelia
53
what is urinary bladder submucosa made of?
dense irregular connective tissue
54
what is urinary bladder muscularis made of?
detrusor muscle
55
what is urinary bladder adventitia made of?
outer loose connective tissue
56
__ ___ can expand and contract depending on the stage of the urinary cycle
detrusor muscle
57
the posteriorinferior triangular area of the urinary bladder is called _____
trigone
58
the trigone stays ___ in size
constant
59
blood supply to the urinary bladder comes from ___ ____ from the internal iliac artery
vesical arteries
60
the expulsion of urine from the bladder is called _____
micturition
61
the parasympathetics of the bladder come from ___ ___ ____
sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4)
62
sympathetics from the bladder come from _____ ____
lumbar plexus (T11-L2)
63
____ _____ in the bladder trigger the _____ ___ _____
stretch receptors, micturition reflex center
64
once stretch receptors trigger the micturition reflex center, impulses travel to the ____ muscle and the ___ ___ ______
detrusor, internal urethral sphincter
65
once impulses travel from detrusor muscle to the internal urethral sphincter, __ ____ in the internal urethral sphincter relaxes
smooth muscle
66
once smooth muscle in the IUS relaxes, smooth muscle in the ____ contracts
detrusor
67
the final step of urination is what?
person must consciously relax the external urethral sphincter
68
the point of the trigone is the ___ ___ ____
internal urethral sphincter
69
urogenital system derives from the embryonic __ ___
intermediate mesoderm
70
the embryonic intermediate mesoderm will condense and form a ___ ___ (retroperitoneal)
urogenital ridge
71
the embryonic _____ is a kidney placeholder and is the first step of development
pronephros
72
the embryonic _____ is the second kidney placeholder that goes away
mesonephros
73
the embryonic ____ leads to the adult kidney and is not a dissolving intermediate
metanephros
74
parasympathetics are what make you ____
urinate
75
sympathetics are involved in urine _____
storage
76
what are the 3 segments of the male urethra?
prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile urethra
77
the glomerulus allowed for ___ ______filtration to occur
non-selective
78
the glomerulus is surrounded by the ___ ____
glomerular capsule
79
the glomerular capsule collects filtrate before entering the ____ ___ ___
proximal convoluted tubules
80
from the distal convoluted tubules, filtrate continues into what?
uriniferous tubule
81
what are the two secondary capillary beds?
peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
82
where are the vasa recta primarily found?
surround long nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons
83
nephron function is regulated by ____ ______
juxtaglomerular apparatus
84
where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus found?
between afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule
85
the mucula densa senses the levels of ____ within the distal convoluted tubule
Na+
86
when Na+ levels are ____, this causes a constriction of the afferent arteriole and a decrease in filtration rate
elevated
87
decreased filtration rate can lead to increased production of ____
renin
88
___ cells help maintain homeostatic levels in the kidney
renin
89
____ ____ are the means of gas and nutrient exchange that are intertwined with convoluted tubules and reside in the cortex
peritubular capillaries
90
____ _____ are the means of gas and nutrient exchange that are intertwined with the nephron loop and reside in the medulla
vasa recta
91
blood filtration occurs at the ______
glomerulus
92
blood is highly ____ until it reaches the peritubular capillaries/vasa recta
oxygenated
93
what is filitrate?
blood plasma without large solutes
94
glomerular filtration is the process by which water and some dissolved solutes in the blood plasma passively move out of the ______ into the capsular space of the ____ ______ due to pressure differences across the filtration membrane
glomerulus, renal corpuscle
95
___ ____ is when substances of filtrate move via diffusion or active transport across the wall of the renal tubule to return to the blood
tubular reabsorption
96
once filtrate begins modification, it is called ____ _____
tubular fluid
97
where is the tubular fluid located during secretion?
within the convoluted tubules and nephron loop
98
in tubular reabsorption, substances are moved from ___ ___ into ____
tubular fluid, blood
99
in tubular secretion, substances move from ___ into ____ _____
blood, tubular fluid
100
which of the 3 means of filtration regulation allows plasma and its dissolved substances to be filtered which restricting the passage of large structures such as the formed elements of blood?
fenestrated capillary endothelium
101
which of the 3 means of filtration restricts the passage of large plasma proteins and allows smaller structures to pass?
basement membrane
102
which of the 3 means of filtration are specialized cells with foot-like projections and restricts the passage of most small proteins
podocytes
103
the _____ ___ ____ actively reabsorbs all nutrients (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, plasma proteins) and secretes some ions into the tubular fluid
proximal convoluted tubule
104
the ___ _____ primary role is the reabsorb water and solutes from the tubular fluid (such as sodium and chloride)
nephron loops
105
the ___ ___ _____ secretes ions such as potassium and hydrogen into the tubular fluid, with some reabsorption of water and sodium
distal convoluted tubule
106
when the tubular fluid leaves the distal convoluted tubules, it travels through a series of ___ ____ and empties into ___ ____
collecting tubules, collecting ducts
107
the ___ ____ are the last possible site of tubular fluid modification
collecting ducts
108
where are macula densa cells location?
distal convoluted tubules
109
what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus control?
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
110
if GFR or blood pressure is reduced, granular cells release ____
renin
111
does the ureter have submucosa?
no
112
the mucosa of the ureter is made from what type of epithelia?
transitional
113
if blood pressure or GFR is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells release ____
renin
114
what artery branches from renal arteries?
segmental
115
what artery branches from segmental arteries?
interlobar
116
what artery branches from interlobar arteries?
arcuate
117
what artery do afferent arterioles branch from?
interlobular
118
what part of the blood is filtered right away in the renal corpuscle?
blood plasma and small molecules
119
is the blood being carried in the efferent arteriole oxygenated or deoxygenated?
oxygenated
120
what part of the kidney is the glomerulus located?
cortex
121
what part of the kidney is the nephron loop located?
medulla
122
the ____ arterioles branch into either the ___ ___ or ___ ____
efferent, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
123
are peritubular capillaries in the cortex or medulla?
cortex
124
are vasa recta in the cortex or medulla?
medulla
125
exchange of gas occurs where?
peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
126
does the proximal convoluted tubule have microvilli?
yes
127
where is plasma reabsorbed?
proximal convoluted tubule
128
where is glucose reabsorbed?
proximal convoluted tubule
129
where are amino acids reabsorbed?
proximal convoluted tubule
130
where are electrolytes reabsorbed?
proximal convoluted tubule
131
where is water reabsorbed?
nephron loop
132
where are solutes such as sodium and chloride reabsorbed?
nephron loop
133
where are ions such as potassium secreted?
distal convoluted tubule
134
how much villi are present in the distal convoluted tubules?
sparse amounts
135
about ____ of nephrons are cortical
85%
136
juxtamedullary nephrons work when you are ____
dehydrated
137
what is filtrate?
blood plasma without large solutes (i.e. proteins)
138
is there more reabsorption or secretion?
reabsorption
139
once tubular fluid exits the collecting ducts, what is it called?
urine
140
what is the innermost layer of the filtration membrane?
fenestrated capillaries
141
what is the middle layer of the filtration membrane?
basement membrane
142
what is the outermost layer of the filtration membrane?
podocytes
143
the ____ arteriole is wider than the ____
afferent, efferent
144
the blood that enters the glomerulus from the afferent arteriole has ____ pressure
high
145
what two hormones are secreted in response to low blood volume and low solute concentration in tubular fluid?
ADH, aldosterone
146
ADH and aldosterone cause the distal convoluted tubule to ____ water and sodium reabsorption from tubular fluid
increase
147
where does tubular fluid go once it leaves the distal convoluted tubule?
collecting tubules
148
where are collecting tubules and collecting ducts located in the kidney?
renal medulla towards the papilla
149
the collecting ____ are the last place for tubular fluid modification
ducts
150
the visceral layer of the renal corpuscle is made of what?
podocytes
151
the parietal layer of the renal corpuscle is made of what?
simple squamous epithelium
152
juxtaglomerular cells are modified what?
smooth muscle cells
153
macula densa cells are modified what?
epithelial cells
154
the ___ _____ cells monitor ions concentrations in tubular fluid
macula densa
155
what arteries supply blood to the urinary bladder?
vesicle
156
where is the micturition reflex center located?
pons
