Lymphatic System Flashcards
1
Q
what is the main function of the lymph system?
A
regulate blood-fluid volume
2
Q
__ ____ pushes fluid from blood
A
blood pressure
3
Q
___ ____ pick up 85% of the fluid pushed from the blood
A
blood capillaries
4
Q
______ _____ absorb the fluid that is not absorbed by blood capillaries
A
lymphatic capillaries
5
Q
___ is the build up of fluid in the interstitial spaces, usually in extremities
A
edema
6
Q
____ is low blood volume that leads to a lack of oxygen to bodily tissues and organs
A
hypovolemia
7
Q
lymphatic vessels are ____ than blood capillaries
A
larger
8
Q
____ absorb larger lipids and lipid soluble vitamins
A
lacteals
9
Q
where are lacteals found?
A
small intestine
10
Q
the lymph system surveys blood and lymph fluid for ____
A
antigens
11
Q
____ initiate an immune response
A
antigens
12
Q
the lymph system produces cells that kill ____
A
antigens
13
Q
all lymphatic vessels enter __ ____
A
lymph nodes
14
Q
____ are vessels that will enter lymph nodes
A
afferent
15
Q
____ are vessels that will exit lymph nodes
A
efferent
16
Q
lymphatic vessels merge to form ____
A
trunks
17
Q
at the intersection of venous and arterial capillaries, blood pressure forces fluid from the ___ into ___ ____
A
blood, interstitial spaces
18
Q
lymphatic vessels are made of ____ cells
A
overlapping
19
Q
overlapping cells create ___ ___ ____ to prevent backflow
A
one way valves
20
Q
overlapping cells are ____ and allow lymph to flow in
A
leaky
21
Q
___ ____ pushes lymph through vessels
A
muscular contraction
22
Q
__ ____ will filter lymph fluid of antigens and foreign cells
A
lymph nodes
23
Q
what does it drain: jugular trunk
A
head and neck
24
Q
what does it drain: subclavian
A
upper extremities, breasts, thoracic wall
25
what does it drain: Bronchomediastinal trunk
deep thoracic structures
26
what does it drain: intestinal trunk
abdominal structures
27
what does it drain: lumbar trunk
lower extremities and pelvis
28
the ___ ___ ___ empties at the junction of the right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein
right lymphatic duct
29
the __ ____ drains lymph from the abdomen, pelvis, lower extremities, left upper extremity, and left side of the head and neck
thoracic duct
30
saclike structure _______ _______ receives a milky lymphatic fluid from the small intestinal nodes
cysterna chyli
31
the cisterna chyli is continuous _____ with the ___ ______
superiorly, thoracic duct
32
the cisterna chyli drains into the ___ ____ ____
left subclavian vein
33
_____ stimulate an immune response
antigens
34
______ are produced in response to an antigen
antibodies
35
__ ___ cells ingest and destroy antigens
antigen presenting cells
36
why is the antigen presented on APC surface?
for other lymphatic cells to recognize and eventually destroy
37
___ and __ _____ act as antigen presenting cells
macrophages, T-lymphocytes
38
_____ are monocytes that have migrated into the lymphatic system
macrophages
39
____ are responsible for phagocytosis of foreign substances and act as APC
macrophages
40
___ are the most abundant cell in the lymphatic system
lymphocytes
41
what are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
T, B, natural killers
42
__ ______ cells are involved in immediate cell to cell killing
T lymphocytes
43
______ send out signals which mobilize and attract T cells
cytokines
44
what are the 4 types of T cells?
helper, cytotoxic, memory, regulatiory
45
what type of T cells are required to initiate an immune response, is activated by one antigen, and release cytokines to activate other lymphatic cells?
helper
46
what type of T cells are activated by helper T cells, come into direct contact with the infected or foreign cells, and kill them?
cytotoxic
47
what type of T cells are functionally inactive and long living cells that arise from T cells that have previously encountered a foreign antigen that elicit a quicker response to exposure from a specific antigen?
memory
48
what type of T cells inhibit T and B cell activity, regulate cytokines that signal immune cells, and suppress autoimmunity?
regulatory
49
B lymphocytes are involved in what type of immunity?
humoral mediated
50
what is known as indirect cell death via the production of antibodies?
humoral mediated immunity
51
are B cells mobile?
no
52
when activated, B lymphocytes divide and differentiate into ___ ___ and ___ ___
plasma cells, memory B lymphocytes
53
plasma cells secrete ____ that attach to antigens
immunoglobulins
54
___ ___ cells are not antigen specific and are used in immunotherapy against cancer cells
natural killer
55
what type of tissue is lymphatic tissue?
reticular connective
56
____ course throughout lymphatic tissue
capillaries
57
identifiable areas of lymphatic tissue composed of b lymphocytes are ____
nodiles
58
____ ____are formed when B cells become activated and are composed of a dark outer ring surrounded by a light germinal center
secondary nodules
59
secondary nodules are the site of ___ ____
lymphocyte activation
60
____ is found on the mucosa of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and repro tract
MALT
61
what are the 3 types of MALT?
GALT, BALT, and peyer's patches
62
where are peyer's patches found?
ileum of small intenstine
63
____ are swellings of the mucus membrane lining of the pharynx
tonsils
64
what do tonsils do?
catch pathogens in air and food
65
what are the 3 layers of the mucus membrane?
epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria
66
___ ___ contains abundant MALT
lamina propria
67
overlying epithelium invaginate into the tissue and forms _____
crypts
68
___ trap bacteria and activate nodules, generating a huge variety of memory cells for long term immunity
crypts
69
where does lymphopoiesis take place?
bone marrow
70
what type of bone marrow do lymphocytes originate in?
red
71
only what two types of lymphocytes can differentiate and become immunocompetent in the red bone marrow?
B cells and natural killers
72
what type of cells differentiate and become immunocompetent in the thymus during childhood?
T cells
73
what is the bi-lobed organ in the superior mediastinum that is the site of t cell maturation?
thymus
74
what are the two parts of the thymus lobules?
peripheral cortex and inner medula
75
what is contained by the corpus of the thymus?
developing T cells, epithelia reticular cells, and macrophages
76
what is used to isolate T cells from blood?
blood thymic barrier
77
what is the blood thymic barrier composed of?
ER cells, endothelium of capillary, fused basement membrane
78
what are 2 roles of ER cells?
secrete thymic hormone to stimulate T cell immunocompetency, form supportive network for maturing T cells
79
what test tests T cells for immunocompetency?
positive and negative selection tests
80
the positive test of T cells ensures what?
that T cells recognize foreign antigens
81
the negative test of T cells ensures what?
that T cells do not recognize themselves as an antigen
82
what is contained by the medulla of the thymus?
blood capillaries and thymic corpuscles
83
immunocompetent T cells migrate to the ____ and enter the ____ _____
medulla, blood stream
84
___ ____ are degenerated ER cells
thymic corpsuscles
85
what organ is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen?
spleen
86
what are the functions of the spleen?
remove antigens from blood, remove old/defective red blood cells, fetal hematopoiesis and storage of blood cells
87
what surrounds the spleen?
dense connective tissue capsule
88
what are the extensions from the spleen called?
trabeculae
89
each spleen lobule contains ____ and ___ ____
red and white pulp
90
what is contained in white pulp?
WBCs
91
what occurs in red pulp?
RBCs are stored or destroyed
92
blood flow of the spleen begins with the ___ ____ which branches into ____ _____
splenic artery, trabecular arteries
93
___ ____ enter the inner tissue of the spleen
central arteries
94
what is the name of the lymphatic tissue that ensheathes central arteries in the spleen?
peri-arterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS)
95
what are PALS made out of?
T cells, B cells, macrophages
96
what is the role of PALS?
monitor the blood from the central artery for pathogens
97
blood flows out of central arteries into ___ ____
splenic sinusoids (of the red pulp)
98
___ ____ are sheets of reticular fibers where red blood cells get stuck and are stored for when the body requires extra oxygen
splenic cords
99
__ ___ are ovoid organs that lay along the path of lymph vessels
lymph nodes
100
what are lymph nodes made of?
B cells, T cells, macrophages surrounded by connective tissue capsule
101
the trabeculae of lymph nodes provides pathways that bring ____ into the ___ via ___ ______
lymph, node, lymphatic sinuses
102
what is the role of lymph nodes?
to filter antigens from the lymph and initiate an immune response when needed
103
what are the 3 regions of the lymph node?
outer cortex, paracortex, inner medulla
104
what is the outer cortex made of ?
b lymphocytes that form primary nodules
105
what is the paracortex made of?
T lymphocytes
106
what is contained by the inner medulla of the lymph nodes?
medullary sinuses and cords
107
lymph will enter the outer cortex via afferent vessels which release lymph into the ___ _____
subscapular sinus
108
if antigen is detected in the subscapular sinus, ___ ____ in the outer cortex will become active and produce ___ _____ in the cortex
B lymphocytes, secondary nodules
109
what are contained by medullary cords?
plasma cells, macrophages, and b lymphocytes
110
____ from plasma cells will exit the lymph node via blood vessels
antibodies
111
__ ___ ____ refers to direct cell death by T cells
cell mediated immunity
112
___ ____ refers to the production of antibodies by B cells that target antigens for death
humoral immunity
113
what spurs cell mediated immunity?
the recognition of a specific antigen that is presented to the T helper cells by the APC
114
what spurs humoral mediated immunity?
stimulation of B cells by T helper cells
