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Anatomy3651 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main function of the lymph system?

A

regulate blood-fluid volume

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2
Q

__ ____ pushes fluid from blood

A

blood pressure

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3
Q

___ ____ pick up 85% of the fluid pushed from the blood

A

blood capillaries

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4
Q

______ _____ absorb the fluid that is not absorbed by blood capillaries

A

lymphatic capillaries

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5
Q

___ is the build up of fluid in the interstitial spaces, usually in extremities

A

edema

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6
Q

____ is low blood volume that leads to a lack of oxygen to bodily tissues and organs

A

hypovolemia

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7
Q

lymphatic vessels are ____ than blood capillaries

A

larger

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8
Q

____ absorb larger lipids and lipid soluble vitamins

A

lacteals

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9
Q

where are lacteals found?

A

small intestine

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10
Q

the lymph system surveys blood and lymph fluid for ____

A

antigens

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11
Q

____ initiate an immune response

A

antigens

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12
Q

the lymph system produces cells that kill ____

A

antigens

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13
Q

all lymphatic vessels enter __ ____

A

lymph nodes

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14
Q

____ are vessels that will enter lymph nodes

A

afferent

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15
Q

____ are vessels that will exit lymph nodes

A

efferent

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16
Q

lymphatic vessels merge to form ____

A

trunks

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17
Q

at the intersection of venous and arterial capillaries, blood pressure forces fluid from the ___ into ___ ____

A

blood, interstitial spaces

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18
Q

lymphatic vessels are made of ____ cells

A

overlapping

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19
Q

overlapping cells create ___ ___ ____ to prevent backflow

A

one way valves

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20
Q

overlapping cells are ____ and allow lymph to flow in

A

leaky

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21
Q

___ ____ pushes lymph through vessels

A

muscular contraction

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22
Q

__ ____ will filter lymph fluid of antigens and foreign cells

A

lymph nodes

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23
Q

what does it drain: jugular trunk

A

head and neck

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24
Q

what does it drain: subclavian

A

upper extremities, breasts, thoracic wall

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25
Q

what does it drain: Bronchomediastinal trunk

A

deep thoracic structures

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26
Q

what does it drain: intestinal trunk

A

abdominal structures

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27
Q

what does it drain: lumbar trunk

A

lower extremities and pelvis

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28
Q

the ___ ___ ___ empties at the junction of the right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein

A

right lymphatic duct

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29
Q

the __ ____ drains lymph from the abdomen, pelvis, lower extremities, left upper extremity, and left side of the head and neck

A

thoracic duct

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30
Q

saclike structure _______ _______ receives a milky lymphatic fluid from the small intestinal nodes

A

cysterna chyli

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31
Q

the cisterna chyli is continuous _____ with the ___ ______

A

superiorly, thoracic duct

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32
Q

the cisterna chyli drains into the ___ ____ ____

A

left subclavian vein

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33
Q

_____ stimulate an immune response

A

antigens

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34
Q

______ are produced in response to an antigen

A

antibodies

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35
Q

__ ___ cells ingest and destroy antigens

A

antigen presenting cells

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36
Q

why is the antigen presented on APC surface?

A

for other lymphatic cells to recognize and eventually destroy

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37
Q

___ and __ _____ act as antigen presenting cells

A

macrophages, T-lymphocytes

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38
Q

_____ are monocytes that have migrated into the lymphatic system

A

macrophages

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39
Q

____ are responsible for phagocytosis of foreign substances and act as APC

A

macrophages

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40
Q

___ are the most abundant cell in the lymphatic system

A

lymphocytes

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41
Q

what are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

T, B, natural killers

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42
Q

__ ______ cells are involved in immediate cell to cell killing

A

T lymphocytes

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43
Q

______ send out signals which mobilize and attract T cells

A

cytokines

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44
Q

what are the 4 types of T cells?

A

helper, cytotoxic, memory, regulatiory

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45
Q

what type of T cells are required to initiate an immune response, is activated by one antigen, and release cytokines to activate other lymphatic cells?

A

helper

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46
Q

what type of T cells are activated by helper T cells, come into direct contact with the infected or foreign cells, and kill them?

A

cytotoxic

47
Q

what type of T cells are functionally inactive and long living cells that arise from T cells that have previously encountered a foreign antigen that elicit a quicker response to exposure from a specific antigen?

A

memory

48
Q

what type of T cells inhibit T and B cell activity, regulate cytokines that signal immune cells, and suppress autoimmunity?

A

regulatory

49
Q

B lymphocytes are involved in what type of immunity?

A

humoral mediated

50
Q

what is known as indirect cell death via the production of antibodies?

A

humoral mediated immunity

51
Q

are B cells mobile?

A

no

52
Q

when activated, B lymphocytes divide and differentiate into ___ ___ and ___ ___

A

plasma cells, memory B lymphocytes

53
Q

plasma cells secrete ____ that attach to antigens

A

immunoglobulins

54
Q

___ ___ cells are not antigen specific and are used in immunotherapy against cancer cells

A

natural killer

55
Q

what type of tissue is lymphatic tissue?

A

reticular connective

56
Q

____ course throughout lymphatic tissue

A

capillaries

57
Q

identifiable areas of lymphatic tissue composed of b lymphocytes are ____

A

nodiles

58
Q

____ ____are formed when B cells become activated and are composed of a dark outer ring surrounded by a light germinal center

A

secondary nodules

59
Q

secondary nodules are the site of ___ ____

A

lymphocyte activation

60
Q

____ is found on the mucosa of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and repro tract

A

MALT

61
Q

what are the 3 types of MALT?

A

GALT, BALT, and peyer’s patches

62
Q

where are peyer’s patches found?

A

ileum of small intenstine

63
Q

____ are swellings of the mucus membrane lining of the pharynx

A

tonsils

64
Q

what do tonsils do?

A

catch pathogens in air and food

65
Q

what are the 3 layers of the mucus membrane?

A

epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria

66
Q

___ ___ contains abundant MALT

A

lamina propria

67
Q

overlying epithelium invaginate into the tissue and forms _____

A

crypts

68
Q

___ trap bacteria and activate nodules, generating a huge variety of memory cells for long term immunity

A

crypts

69
Q

where does lymphopoiesis take place?

A

bone marrow

70
Q

what type of bone marrow do lymphocytes originate in?

A

red

71
Q

only what two types of lymphocytes can differentiate and become immunocompetent in the red bone marrow?

A

B cells and natural killers

72
Q

what type of cells differentiate and become immunocompetent in the thymus during childhood?

A

T cells

73
Q

what is the bi-lobed organ in the superior mediastinum that is the site of t cell maturation?

A

thymus

74
Q

what are the two parts of the thymus lobules?

A

peripheral cortex and inner medula

75
Q

what is contained by the corpus of the thymus?

A

developing T cells, epithelia reticular cells, and macrophages

76
Q

what is used to isolate T cells from blood?

A

blood thymic barrier

77
Q

what is the blood thymic barrier composed of?

A

ER cells, endothelium of capillary, fused basement membrane

78
Q

what are 2 roles of ER cells?

A

secrete thymic hormone to stimulate T cell immunocompetency, form supportive network for maturing T cells

79
Q

what test tests T cells for immunocompetency?

A

positive and negative selection tests

80
Q

the positive test of T cells ensures what?

A

that T cells recognize foreign antigens

81
Q

the negative test of T cells ensures what?

A

that T cells do not recognize themselves as an antigen

82
Q

what is contained by the medulla of the thymus?

A

blood capillaries and thymic corpuscles

83
Q

immunocompetent T cells migrate to the ____ and enter the ____ _____

A

medulla, blood stream

84
Q

___ ____ are degenerated ER cells

A

thymic corpsuscles

85
Q

what organ is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen?

A

spleen

86
Q

what are the functions of the spleen?

A

remove antigens from blood, remove old/defective red blood cells, fetal hematopoiesis and storage of blood cells

87
Q

what surrounds the spleen?

A

dense connective tissue capsule

88
Q

what are the extensions from the spleen called?

A

trabeculae

89
Q

each spleen lobule contains ____ and ___ ____

A

red and white pulp

90
Q

what is contained in white pulp?

A

WBCs

91
Q

what occurs in red pulp?

A

RBCs are stored or destroyed

92
Q

blood flow of the spleen begins with the ___ ____ which branches into ____ _____

A

splenic artery, trabecular arteries

93
Q

___ ____ enter the inner tissue of the spleen

A

central arteries

94
Q

what is the name of the lymphatic tissue that ensheathes central arteries in the spleen?

A

peri-arterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS)

95
Q

what are PALS made out of?

A

T cells, B cells, macrophages

96
Q

what is the role of PALS?

A

monitor the blood from the central artery for pathogens

97
Q

blood flows out of central arteries into ___ ____

A

splenic sinusoids (of the red pulp)

98
Q

___ ____ are sheets of reticular fibers where red blood cells get stuck and are stored for when the body requires extra oxygen

A

splenic cords

99
Q

__ ___ are ovoid organs that lay along the path of lymph vessels

A

lymph nodes

100
Q

what are lymph nodes made of?

A

B cells, T cells, macrophages surrounded by connective tissue capsule

101
Q

the trabeculae of lymph nodes provides pathways that bring ____ into the ___ via ___ ______

A

lymph, node, lymphatic sinuses

102
Q

what is the role of lymph nodes?

A

to filter antigens from the lymph and initiate an immune response when needed

103
Q

what are the 3 regions of the lymph node?

A

outer cortex, paracortex, inner medulla

104
Q

what is the outer cortex made of ?

A

b lymphocytes that form primary nodules

105
Q

what is the paracortex made of?

A

T lymphocytes

106
Q

what is contained by the inner medulla of the lymph nodes?

A

medullary sinuses and cords

107
Q

lymph will enter the outer cortex via afferent vessels which release lymph into the ___ _____

A

subscapular sinus

108
Q

if antigen is detected in the subscapular sinus, ___ ____ in the outer cortex will become active and produce ___ _____ in the cortex

A

B lymphocytes, secondary nodules

109
Q

what are contained by medullary cords?

A

plasma cells, macrophages, and b lymphocytes

110
Q

____ from plasma cells will exit the lymph node via blood vessels

A

antibodies

111
Q

__ ___ ____ refers to direct cell death by T cells

A

cell mediated immunity

112
Q

___ ____ refers to the production of antibodies by B cells that target antigens for death

A

humoral immunity

113
Q

what spurs cell mediated immunity?

A

the recognition of a specific antigen that is presented to the T helper cells by the APC

114
Q

what spurs humoral mediated immunity?

A

stimulation of B cells by T helper cells

Anatomy3651 (33 decks)

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