Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
what is the purpose of the digestive system?
A
acquire nutrients and water
2
Q
___ and ____ are absorbed through the stomach
A
alcohol, aspirin
3
Q
___, __ ____, and ____ are absorbed through the small intestine
A
glucose, amino acids, fats
4
Q
sodium, potassium, acids, bases, calcium, magnesium, iron, vitamin B12, and water are absorbed where?
A
large intenstine
5
Q
nutrients are passed into ____ of the digestive system and transported to the _____
A
veins, liver
6
Q
fats are absorbed in the __ ____ and then passed into the ____ _____
A
small intestine, lymphatic system
7
Q
what do fats pass through from the small intestine to the lymphatic system?
A
lacteal duct
8
Q
in the ends, fats eventually enter the __ _____
A
circulatory system
9
Q
the ____ ____ is the storage site for feces
A
sigmoid colon
10
Q
____ is taking food into the mouth
A
ingestion
11
Q
____ is swallowing and peristalsis
A
propulsion
12
Q
_____ is voluntary propulsion
A
swallowing
13
Q
____ is involuntary movement of food
A
peristalsis
14
Q
chemical digestion occurs in the ___, ____, and __ ____
A
mouth, stomach, small intestine
15
Q
_____ is the transporting of nutrients, electrolytes, and water into the veins and fats into the lymphatic system
A
absorption
16
Q
_____ is the elimination of indigestible substances
A
defecation
17
Q
the intestine contains circular and longitudinal __ ____
A
smooth muscle
18
Q
peristalsis utilizes the ___ ___ of the intestines to propel food through the lumen
A
smooth muscle
19
Q
____ utilizes smooth muscle to mix rather than propel
A
segmentation
20
Q
what is the histological organization of the entire length of the GI tract?
A
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia
21
Q
what are the 3 components of mucosa?
A
true epithelia, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
22
Q
arteries, veins, nerves, lymphatics, and mucus glands are housed in what layer of the histology of the GI tract?
A
submucosa
23
Q
what is muscularis externa made of?
A
smooth muscle
24
Q
what are the 2 layers of the muscularis externa?
A
inner circular, outer longitudinal
25
the ___ ___ ____ signals submucosal glands to secrete and muscularis mucosae to contract
submucosal nerve plexus
26
where is myenteric located?
between circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa
27
____ controls peristalsis and segmentation
myenteric
28
what are the 4 categories of mucus membrane?
protective, secretory, absorptive nutrients, absorptive water and electrolytes
29
what type of cell is the protective mucus membrane?
stratified squamous
30
where is protective stratified squamous mucus membrane found?
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus
31
what type of cell is the secretory mucus membrane?
simple columnar
32
what is simple columnar secretory mucus membrane found?
stomach as mucus secreting and mucus neck cells
33
what type of cell is nutrient absorptive mucus membrane?
simple columnar
34
where is absorptive simple columnar mucus membrane found?
small intestine
35
what type of cell is water and electrolyte absorptive mucus membrane?
simple columnar
36
where is water and electrolyte simple columnar mucus membrane found?
large intestine
37
the ___ _____ is the line between the tooth and gums
alveolar ridge
38
the ____ is the space between the lip and alveolar ridge
vestibule
39
___ _____ is the fold of the lip to the gum
labial frenulum
40
_____ _____ is the fold off the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
lingual frenulum
41
salivary glands open into the oral cavity ___ ___ _____ and ___ ___ ____
under the tongue, through the cheek
42
what is the roof of the oral cavity made up of?
soft and hard palates
43
the ____ dangles down from the soft palate
uvula
44
what muscle forms the lips?
orbicularis oris
45
what muscle forms the cheeks?
buccinator
46
what are the lateral arches of the soft palate?
palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
47
the palatoglossal arch extends from ___ to ____
palate, tongue
48
the palatopharyngeal arch extends from ___ to ____
palate, pharynx
49
what is located between the two lateral arches of the sold palate?
palatine tonsil
50
the tongue is covered with _____
papillae
51
what are the 3 filiform on the tongue?
filiform papilla, fungiform, circumvallate
52
____ ____ of the tongue resemble pointed cones, are the most numerous, and have no tastebuds
filiform papilla
53
____ of the tongue resemble mushrooms and possess tastebuds
fungiform
54
_____ of the tongue resembles a circular wall and possess tastebuds
circumvallate
55
____ _____ separates the circumvallate papilla and lingual tonsil
sulcus terminalis
56
____ is the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx
fauces
57
palatoglossal arch, uvula, and sulcus terminalis are the borders of what opening?
fauces
58
___ ___ is the ring of protective tonsils in the oropharynx
tonsilar ring
59
what is the tonsilar ring composed of?
palatine and lingual tonsils
60
___ ____ produce and deposit saliva into the oral cavity
salivary glands
61
the serous cells of the parotid gland secrete ____ and ____
amylase, lysozymes
62
what does amylase digest?
carbohydrates
63
the parotid duct passes through what muscle?
buccinator
64
the sublingual gland's cells secrete _____
mucus
65
the parotid gland secretes ____
serous
66
the submandibular gland secretes what?
serous and mucus
67
how many teeth are there?
32
68
there are 2 _____ for cutting food in the mouth
incisors
69
there is 1 ____ for shearing and tearing
cuspid/canine
70
there are 2 ______ that precede molars
bicuspid/premolars
71
there are 3 ____ to mill or grind
molars
72
the _____ carries bolus from oral cavity to stomach
esophagus
73
what type of cell is found in the esophagus?
stratified squamous (protection)
74
___ ____ transitions from skeletal to smooth in the esophagus
muscularis externa
75
as the bolus passes through the glands, ____ is secreted for lubrication
mucus
76
into the diaphragm, the esophagus passes through the ___ ____
esophageal hiatus
77
muscles fibers of the diaphragm act as the primary sphincter muscles of the esophagus and are referred to as the ___ _____
cardiac sphincter
78
the stomach completes ____ and ____ digestion
chemical, mechanical
79
the ____ sphincter prevents food from leaving the stomach
pyloric
80
what are the 4 parts of the stomach in order?
cardiac, fundus, body, pyloris
81
what are the superior and inferior surfaces of the stomach called?
lesser (superior) and greater (inferior) curvatures
82
____ are the folds of the stomach that occur when the stomach shrinks and is empty
rugae
83
what are the 3 layers of the stomach's muscularis externa (made of smooth muscle)?
innermost oblique, middle circular (thick), outer longitudinal
84
the pyloric sphincter is formed from what layer of the stomach's muscularis externa?
middle circular
85
what type of cells line gastric pits?
simple columnar cells called mucus secreting cells
86
___ _____ cells secrete mucus and line of the gastric pit
mucus neck
87
where are stomach gastric glands located?
the gastric pits of the fundus and body
88
what is excreted by parietal cells of the stomach?
HCl for the hydrolysis of proteins
89
what PH does HCl make the stomach?
2
90
what is excreted by chief cells of the stomach?
pepsinogen
91
pepsinogen+HCl=
pepsin (protease)
92
what is pepsin used for in the stomach?
break down proteins
93
what is secreted by endocrine cells of the stomach?
hormone gastrin
94
when food enters the stomach, what hormone is produced?
gastrin
95
what is the role of gastrin in the stomach?
stimulate parietal cells to excrete HCl and chief cells to excrete pepsinogen
96
what regions of the stomach produce the two types of mucus?
all
97
what regions of the stomach have parietal and chief cells?
fundus and body
98
what is released by the endocrine cells of the stomach?
insulin, glucogon
99
what type of cells excrete HCl and pepsinogen in the stomach (exo or endo)?
exocrine
100
exocrine chemicals travels through a _____ to a _____
duct, lumen
101
endocrine hormones travel in the _____ to ___ _____
blood, other cells
102
what is absorbed by the small intenstine?
nutrients (glucose, vitamins, fats)
103
what are the 3 parts of the small intestine in order?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
104
the duodenum begins after the ___ sphincter
pyloric
105
the ilium ends at the ____-_____ valve
ilio-cecal
106
what histology of cells are good for nutrient absorption?
simple columnar
107
_____ are macroscopic finger-like projections of the mucosa in the small intestine
villi
108
______ are microscopic folds on the apical surface of cells of the small intestine
microvilli
109
___ __ ______ are located in between adjacent villi of the small intestine
crypts of lieberkuen
110
___ cells are located at the bases of the crypts of lieberkuen and secrete lysozymes
lysozymes
111
__ ____ are aggregated lymphoid nodules found in the small intestine that are MALT
peyer's patches
112
___ ____ are specialized ducts of the lymphatic system to carry fats
lacteal vessels
113
___ cells transfer emulsified fats into lacteal ducts
absorptive
114
goblet cells secrete ____
mucus
115
what are the two layers of the muscularis externa in the small intestine?
inner circular, outer longitudinal
116
_____ ____ are the mucus secreting cells in the submucosa of the duodenum
brunner's glands
117
submucosal cells are located in what two parts of the digestive system?
esophagus, duodenum
118
what two hormones are secreted when food enters the duodenum?
CCK (cholecystokinin) and secretin
119
Hormone CCK signals the _____ to contract and release ___ into the duodenum
gallbladder, bile
120
Hormone secretin signals the _____ to excrete ___ ____ into the duodenum
pancreas, digestive juices
121
what is absorbed by the large intestine?
water, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, acids, bases, vitamins
122
what are the parts of the large intestine in order?
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
123
the large intestine begins at the ___-_____ junction
ileo-cecal
124
the ileo-cecal valve is a sphincter formed from what layer of the muscularis externa?
circular
125
at what point does the ascending colon become the transverse colon?
hepatic flexure
126
at what point does the transverse colon become the descending colon?
splenic flexure
127
the vermiform appendix is an extension from what part of the large intestine?
cecum
128
the __ _____ are 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle of the muscularis externa
taenia coli
129
____ are pockets formed by the contraction on the taenia coli
haustra
130
__ ____ are fat-filled pouches hanging from the colon
epiploic appendages
131
what histology of cells are in the large intestine?
simple columnar
132
____ are absent in the large intestine
villi
133
there are very abundant ___ cells in the large intestine
goblet
134
a lot of ____ is needed by the large intestine for absorption of water and electrolytes
mucus
135
abundant ___ ____ ____ are found in the submucosa of the large intestine
aggregated lymphoid nodules
136
what is a common bacteria found in the colon?
E. Coli
137
what are the two layers of the muscularis externa of the large intestine?
inner circular, outer longitudinal
138
when the rectum becomes the anus/anal canal, what is the new type of cell histology?
stratified squamous
139
the ____ is the most distal portion of the colon
rectum
140
the ___ ___ regulates the movement of feces from rectum to anal canal
anal valve
141
what is the anal valve composed of?
anal columns and anal sinuses
142
what part of the rectum is under autonomic control?
internal sphincter muscle
143
what part of the rectum is under voluntary control by somatic motors fibers?
external sphincter muscle
144
what nerve controls the external sphincter muscle?
Pudendal
145
bile is produced in the ____ and stored in the _____
liver, gallbladder
146
bile is used in the ___ the breakdown ____
duodenum, fats
147
what hormone is associated with the release of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum?
CCK
148
the ___ _____ carried bile from liver to gallbladder and from gallbladder to duodenum
biliary tree
149
is there a direct connection between liver and gallbladder?
no
150
what occurs when the gallbladder contracts?
bile is excreted into the duodenum
151
the ___ constantly excretes bile into the duodenum
liver
152
sphincter muscles at the end of the common bile duct ____ when there is no bolus of food in the duodenum
close
153
bile flows into the ___ ___ and then into the gallbladder when the sphincter muscles close
cystic duct
154
___ ___ is the opening of the duodenal ampulla into the lumen of the duodenum
duodenal papilla
155
____ ____ join to form the common hepatic duct
right and left hepatic ducts
156
what combines to form the common bile duct?
cystic duct and common hepatic duct
157
the pancreatic duct and common bile duct join to form the ____ ____
duodenal ampulla
158
where does the pancreatic duct carry digestive enzymes to and from?
from pancreas to duodenum
159
the ____ duct is the duct between the liver and pancreas
hepatopancreatic
160
an ____ is a structure that is a swelling
ampulla
161
the merger of the __ ____ and ____ ducts form an ampulla
common bile, pancreatic
162
the ____ is the organ located under the stomach
pancreas
163
the head of the pancreas is in contact with the ______
duodenum
164
the tail of the pancreas is in contact with the ____
spleen
165
what type of cells does the pancreas have (exocrine, endocrine)?
both
166
the exocrine cells of the pancreas are called _____ cells
acinar
167
acinar cells react to _____ secreted from the enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum
Secretin
168
____ of the pancreas break down polypeptides to amino acids
proteases
169
______ in the pancreas break down complex sugars
amylases
170
____ in the pancreas break down lipids into fatty acids
lipases
171
_____ in the pancreas break down nucleus into nuclear material
nucleases
172
____ in the pancreas is a buffer to neutralize the acidic chyme or bolus from the stomach
bicarbonate
173
what 2 hormones are secreted in response to blood glucose concentrations?
insulin, glucagon
174
a cell secrete ______ to transport glucose from liver to blood
glucagon
175
the concentration of glucose in the blood increases with the hormone ______
glucagon
176
b cells secrete ____ to transport glucose from blood into cells of the body and liver
insulin
177
b cells secrete ____ to transport glucose from blood into cells of the body and liver
insulin
178
the concentration of glucose in the blood increases with the hormone ______
insulin
179
islands of langerhans are made of what two types of cells?
a cells and b cells
180
the liver is composed of ___ lobes
4
181
cells of the liver are called _____
hepatocytes
182
what carries oxygen to the liver?
hepatic arteries and arterioles
183
what carries nutrients of digestion to the liver?
hepatic portal vein
184
what carries bile away from the liver?
hepatic ducts
185
arterial supply goes ____ the liver and venous flow goes ___ and ____ of the liver
into, into and out of
186
what is the portal triad made of?
hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, hepatic duct
187
the ___ ___ ___ carries nutrients into the liver
hepatic portal vein
188
the hepatic portal veins carries ___ and ____ out of the liver and into the IVC
nutrients, CO2
189
the ___ ____ is the entrance of portal triad into the liver (door to liver)
porta hepatis
190
hepatocytes are organized into _____
lobules
191
a ____ is a hexagonal shape around a central vein
lobule
192
___ ____ are found in every corner of the hexagonal lobule
portal triads
193
blood flows from hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein into the lobule and into a ____ ______
sinusoidal capillary
194
blood in the sinusoidal capillary are in contact with the ____ so they can perform their functions
hepatocytes
195
blood in the sinusoidal capillaries flow past hepatocytes into the __ ____
central vein
196
all central veins join to form the ___ ____
hepatic veins
197
the hepatic veins drain into the ___ ____ ____
inferior vena cava
198
a ___ ______carries bile away from hepatocytes
bile canaliculus
199
many ____ join together to form the hepatic duct
canaliculus
200
the hepatic duct carries bile towards the _____
gallbladder
201
____ _____ are macrophages in the sinusoidal capillaries
kupffer cells
202
the _____ is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal organs
peritoneum
203
what are the two parts of the peritoneum?
visceral, parietal
204
a ____ is a double layer of visceral peritoneum
mesentery
205
an organ with a mesentery is called an ____ organ
intraperitoneal
206
an organ without a mesentery is called a ____ organ
retroperitoneal
207
what are the two mesenteries of the liver?
falciform ligament, lesser omentum
208
what are the two mesenteries of the stomach?
greater and lesser omentum
209
what is the mesentery of the jejunum and ileum?
mesentery proper
210
what is the mesentery of the transverse colon?
transverse mesocolon
211
what is the mesentery of the sigmoid colon?
sigmoid mesocolon
212
what are the 3 main arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the digestive organs?
celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery
213
the ___ ____ is the first branch off the abdominal aorta and supplies organs esophagus through duodenum
celiac trunk
214
the ____ ___ _____ is the second branch off the abdominal aorta and supplies organs jejunum through transverse colon
superior mesenteric artery
215
the ___ ___ ___ is the most inferior branch off the abdominal aorta and supplies the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
inferior mesenteric artery
216
what are the 3 branches off of the celiac trunk?
left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, splenic artery
217
the ___ ___ artery goes to the lesser curvature of the stomach
left gastric artery
218
the ___ ____ artery goes to the liver and bifurcates
common hepatic
219
the ___ artery goes to the spleen and pancreas and gives off one branch
splenic
220
gastro-omental arteries follow the ____ curvature of the stomach
greater
221
the ____ arteries follow the lesser curvature of the stomach
gastric
222
___-_____ artery supplies to right gastroomental and the duodenum
gastro-duodenal
223
what 3 things are branches from the proper hepatic artery?
left and right hepatic, right gastric artery
224
the ___ and ____ ______ arteries supply the left and right lobes of the liver
left and right hepatic
225
the embryonic _______ contains stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, duodenum to the common bile duct
foregut
226
the embryonic ____ contains the duodenum distal to the common bile duct, remaining small intestine, cecum, and ascending and transverse colon (to splenic flexure)
midgut
227
the embryonic ______ contains the descending colon (at the splenic flexure), sigmoid colon, and rectum
hindgut
228
organs ____ through the ___ ___ ____ are derived from the embryonic foregut
esophagus, common bile duct
229
organs ___ ___ ____ through ___ _____ are derived from the embryonic midgut
common bile duct, splenic flexure
230
organs ___ ____ through _____ are derived from the embryonic hindgut
splenic flexure, rectum
231
the ___ _____ is the artery for the organs derived from the embryonic foregut
celiac trunk
232
the ___ _____ is the artery for the organs derived from the embryonic midgut
superior mesenteric
233
the ___ _____ is the artery for the organs derived from the embryonic hindgut
inferior mesenteric
234
what is carried by the veins into the liver?
deoxygenated blood from organs of digestion
235
venous blood from organs of digestion drain into the ___ ____ vein and then into the liver (portal venous drainage)
hepatic portal
236
____ veins drain the stomach into the hepatic portal vein
gastric
237
____ veins drain the spleen and pancreas into the hepatic portal vein
splenic
238
the ___ ___ veins drain organs from the bile duct to the splenic flexure (midgut)
superior mesenteric
239
the ___ ____ veins drain organs from the splenic fissure to the rectum (hindgut)
inferior mesenteric
240
what two veins join together to form the hepatic portal vein?
superior mesenteric, splenic
241
the ___ _____ _____ innervates the muscularis externa
myenteric nerve plexus
242
the ___ ___ ____ innervates the muscularis mucosa
submucosal nerve plexus
243
what nerve provides sympathetic innervation the the embryonic foregut?
greater splanchnic nerve
244
what nerve provides sympathetic innervation the the embryonic midgut?
lesser sphlanchnic nerve
245
what nerve provides sympathetic innervation the the embryonic hindgut?
lesser splanchnic nerve
246
parasympathetic nerves travels ____ the GI tract to their targets
atop
247
what nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the embryonic foregut?
vagus
248
what nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the embryonic midgut?
vagus
249
what nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the embryonic hindgut?
pelvic splanchnic
250
what layers receive autonomic nervous innervation from the submucosal nerve plexus?
mucosa, muscularis mucosa, submucosa
251
what layer receives autonomic nervous innervation from the myenteric nerve plexus?
muscularis externa
252
the caval foramen is found at what spine level?
T8
253
the esophageal hiatus is found at what spine level?
T10
254
the aortic hiatus is found at what spine level?
T12
255
what 3 components increase the surface area of the small intestine?
circular folds (pilcae circularis), villi, microvilli
256
peyers patches of the small intestine contain what type of lymph tissue?
GALT (gut associated lymph tissue)
257
what layer produces the ileo-cecal valve?
inner circular
258
what substance released by the pancreas is used as a buffer to increase the pH of the bolus?
sodium bicarbonate
259
the ____ has both exocrine and endocrine functions
pancreas
260
_____ function is when chemicals move through a duct to a surface
exocrine
261
____ function is when hormones move through the circulatory system to other cells
endocrine
262
the _____ synthesizes plasma protein
liver
263
the ___ ___ _____ carries nutrients into the liver
hepatic portal vein
264
the ___ ___ carries nutrients and CO2 out of the liver and into the IVC
hepatic vein
265
bile exits the liver out of the _____
canaliculi
266
bilirubin is produced in the ____
liver
267
chewed food + saliva =
bolus
268
once the stomach processes the bolus, it is called _____
cyme
269
what is the epithelial lining of the oral cavity?
stratified squamous
270
what are the two means of propulsion?
swallowing, peristalsis
271
the fauces is the opening between ___ ___ and ____
oral cavity, oropharynx
272
the fauces are bounded by the ___ ___ and ____ ____
palatoglossal arch, palatopharyngeal arch
273
where are the palatine tonsils?
between palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch
274
the uvula is a part of the ____ _____
soft palate
275
what papilla does not have taste buds?
filiform
276
what salivary product breaks down carbohydrates?
amylase
277
what salivary product inhibits bacterial growth?
lysozyme
278
what is found in serous fluid?
lysozymes and amylase
279
what makes up the tonsillar ring?
palatine tonsil, lingual tonsil, palatine tonsil
280
what teeth are to cut?
incisors
281
what teeth are for shredding and tearing?
cuspid/canine
282
list the teeth in order
incisiors, cuspid/canine, pre-molars, molars
283
what teeth are to mill or grind?
molars
284
use to remember teeth!
2123
285
the esophagus expands from _____ to _____
laryngeopharynx, stomach
286
what are the 3 muscular segments of the esophagus?
skeletal, mixed/transitioning, smooth
287
____ ___ ____ send mucus into the lumen of the esophagus
submucosal mucus glands
288
spine location of the caval foramen
T8
289
spine location of the esophageal hiatus
T10
290
spine location of the aortic hiatus
T12
291
the cardiac sphincter is located at the ___ ____
esophageal hiatus
292
the lower esophageal sphincter comes from what layer of the muscularis externa?
inner circular
293
what type of cell is found in the stomach?
simple columnar
294
mucus secreting cells line the ____ and ___ ____ of the stomach
lumen, gastric pits
295
what parts of the stomach secrete digestive juices?
fundus and body
296
what is the order of cells in the gastric glands/pits from top to bottom?
mucus secreting, neck, parietal, chief
297
what is the blood supply to the foregut?
celiac trunk
298
what is the venous drainage of the foregut?
gastric and sphlenic veins
299
what provides sympathetic innervation to the foregut?
greater sphlancnic
300
what provides parasympathetics to the foregut?
vagus
301
what is the blood supply to the midgut?
superior mesenteric artery
302
what is the venous drainage from the midgut?
superior mesenteric vein
303
what provides sympathetics to the midgut?
lesser sphlancnic nerve
304
what provides parasympathetics to the midgut?
vagus
305
what is the blood supply to the hindgut?
inferior mesenteric artery
306
what provides venous drainage to the hindgut?
inferior mesenteric vein
307
what provides sympathetic innervation to the hindgut?
least sphlancnic nerve
308
what provides parasympathetics to the hindgut?
pelvic sphlancnic nerve
309
what is secreted from paneth cells?
lysozymes
310
what type of lymph are peyers patches?
GALT
311
what 3 digestive hormones are enteroendocrine?
gastrin, CKK, secretin
312
what are the exocrine products of the pancreas?
amylase, nuclease, lipase, bicarb
313
what are the 3 locations that lysozymes are produced?
parotid gland, submandibular gland, paneth cells
