Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
the lateral aspect of the thoracic cavity is the ___
A
ribs
2
Q
the anterior aspect of the thoracic cavity is the ____
A
sternum
3
Q
the posterior aspect of the thoracic cavity is the ____
A
vertebrae
4
Q
there are two ____ of the thoracic wall, one on the top and one on the bottom
A
apertures
5
Q
the inferior thoracic aperture is completely covered by the ____
A
diaphragm
6
Q
the diaphragm assists with _____
A
respiration
7
Q
the ___ cavity contains the lungs
A
pleural
8
Q
the ___ contains the heart and surrounding pericardium
A
medianstinum
9
Q
what are the 5 functions of the respiratory system?
A
gas exchange, air conditioning, sound production, olfaction, defense
10
Q
the function of the respiratory system for bringing oxygen into the body and bloodstream and removal of carbon dioxide
A
gas exchange
11
Q
the function of the respiratory system of adding warmth and moisture to breathed air
A
air conditioning
12
Q
the function of the respiratory system of the larynx producing sound for speaking when air passes through larynx during exhalation
A
sound production
13
Q
the function of the respiratory system of specialized epithelium in the nasal cavity carrying information regarding smell to olfactory nerve
A
olfaction
14
Q
the function of the respiratory system of mucus protecting the fragile respiratory lining from drying out, trapping dirt particles, as well as lymphoid tissue associated with the respiratory tract monitoring the air we breath for unwanted particles and microorganisms
A
defense
15
Q
what are the 4 components of the upper respt. tract?
A
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
16
Q
what is the purpose of the upper respt. tract?
A
air conduction (passage)
17
Q
what are the 4 components of the lower respt. tract?
A
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
18
Q
what is the purpose of the lower respt. tract?
A
air conduction and gas exchange
19
Q
___ ____ are cartilaginous openings of the nose through which air passes?
A
external nares
20
Q
the ___ ____ is the opening that leads into the naval cavity
A
nasal vestibule
21
Q
the nasal vestibule is lined with ____
A
vibrissae
22
Q
____ are fine, mucus coated hair that act as air filters and collect debris and foreign particles in the nasal vestibule
A
vibrissae
23
Q
what type of cell is found in the nasal vestibule?
A
stratified squamous epithiulia
24
Q
what type of cell is found in the nasal vestibule?
A
stratified squamous epithelia
25
the naval cavity is protected on all sides by the ____ ____
craniofacial bones
26
the ___ ____ divides the nasal cavity into a left and right side
naval septum
27
what bones make up the nasal septum?
perp. plate of ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage
28
___ ____ line the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and are named for their relative position
nasal conchae
29
what are the 3 nasal conchae?
superior, middle, inferior
30
the ___ and ___ conchae are part of the ethmoid bone
superior, middle
31
___ ___ are spaces found under each conchae that increase surface area of the nasal cavity
nasal conchae
32
__ and ___ slow the flow of air through the nasal cavity so it can get warmed and humidified before reaching the lungs
conchae, meatuses
33
what are the four paranasal sinuses?
ethmoid, maxillary, frontal, sphenoid
34
what paranasal sinus is many air cells instead of a single sinus?
ethmoid
35
what are the four functions of the paranasal sinuses?
lighten skill, tone voice, protect head structures, produce mucus
36
the ___ ____ is a large ethmoid air cell that bulges into the middle nasal meatus
ethmoid bulla
37
where does the ethmoid bulla buldge?
into the middle nasal meatus
38
the ___ ____ is a narrow channel that lies below the ethmoid bulla
semilunar hiatus
39
mucus from the sinuses drains into the ___ ____
nasal cavity
40
the ____ and ___ sinus drain into the semilunar hiatus
frontal, maxillary
41
the pharynx begins at the ___ ___
internal nares
42
what are the 3 sections of the pharynx?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
43
the _____ pharynx extends from the internal nares to the uvula of the soft palate
naso
44
what are the 3 components of the nasopharynx?
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), pharyngotympanic tubes, uvula
45
____ _____ are lymphatic tissue that monitors the airway for antigens and will initiate immune response if detected
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
46
the ____ ____equalize the pressure between the middle ear and the outside environment, and drains middle ear fluid
pharyngeal tubes
47
the _____ combines with the sot palate to form a loose seal between the nasopharynx and oropharynx
uvula
48
the nasopharynx passes ____ to the body
air
49
the ____pharynx extends from the uvula of the soft palate to the hyoid bone
oro
50
the ____pharynx is a common passageway for ingested food and air
oropharynx
51
what are the 3 components of the oropharynx?
lingual tonsils, palatine tonsils, epiglottis
52
___ and ___ ____ form the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled particles
lingual, palatine tonsils
53
the ____ is a cartilaginous flat that covers the larynx during swallowing and protects the airway from food
epiglottis
54
the ____pharynx extends the hyoid bone to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
laryngo
55
the ______ is the opening to the larynx and contains part of the epiglottis
laryngopharynx
56
what type of cell is found in the shared passages and acts as protection?
stratified squamous epithelia
57
the ___ ____ is found only in passageways for air
mucus membrane
58
respiratory epithelium is ___ ___ ____ epithelia with ___ ____
ciliated pseudostratified columnar, goblet cells
59
___ _____ are cells that secrete mucus
goblet
60
___ directs the movement of mucus and debris out of the respiratory system
cilia
61
___ ___ is specialized loose connective tissue that contains seromucous glands
lamina propria
62
serous fluid has _____which destroys foreign cells
lysozymes
63
___ epithelia lines the superior border of the nasal cavity
olfactory
64
____ ____ maintains other cells which support CN1 and assist in the collection of odor molecules
olfactory epithelia
65
____ _____ help odor stick to the nose
bowmans glands
66
what makes up the hyo-larngeal complex?
hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
67
what is the function of the hyo-larngeal complex?
protection of the larynx, insertion of muscles and vocal cords
68
laryngeal cartilages are attached to the hyoid bone via the __ ___
thyrohyoid membrane
69
cricoid cartilage is attached to the thyroid cartilage via the ____ ____
cricothyroid membrane
70
thyroid cartilage is __ shaped
C
71
the two halves of the thyroid cartilage form the ____ ______
laryngeal prominence (adams apple)
72
the laryngeal prominence is on the ___ side of the larynx
anterior
73
the ___ ____ is the origin of the vocal cords
thyroid cartilage
74
cricoid cartilage is a _____ shape
ring like
75
the cricoid cartilage is ___ in the front and ___ in the back
wider, narrower
76
___ ____ are paired pyramidal cartilages that sit on top of the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilages
77
what are the 3 parts of arytenoid cartilages?
apex, muscular process, vocal process
78
the ___ ___ is the insertion of the vocal cords
arytenoid cartilage
79
the ___ is a left-like cartilage with a stem attached to the thyroid cartilage
epiglottis
80
the ___ closes over the opening of the larynx during swallowing
larynx
81
the muscles of the larynx are responsible for movement of ____
cartilage
82
what does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle do?
abduct vocal cords
83
what does the arytenoid muscle do?
adduct vocal cords
84
what are the origin and insertion of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles?
cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage
85
what are the origin and insertion of the arytenoid muscles?
arytenoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage
86
the vocal cords originate on ____ ___ and insert on ____ ____
thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage
87
the vocal cords are protected by a layer of ____
mucosa
88
when the vocal cords are covered in mucus, they are referred to as ___ ___
vocal folds
89
the fold of mucosa that sits superior to the vocal cords is called __ ___ ____
false vocal cords
90
what is the function of the false vocal cords?
protect the true vocal cords
91
the ___ ____ is a membrane that extends from the vocal cords to the cricoid cartilage, leaving an opening between the vocal cords called the rima glottidis
conus elasticus
92
the opening between the vocal cords that produces sound is the ___ _____
rima glottidis
93
the ____ is a flexible tube that extends inferiorly from the cricoid cartilage to the manubriosternal angle of rib 2
trachea
94
the trachea is lined with a ___ ___
mucus membrane
95
the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea are supported by ___ ____ made of ___ ___
cartilaginous rings, hyaline cartilage
96
___ ____ lies between the cartilaginous rings of the trachea
smooth muscle
97
the posterior side of the trachea is covered with smooth muscle called ___ ___
trachealis muscle
98
the trachea bifurcates into what?
a left and right primary bronchi
99
where does the trachea bifurcate?
manubriosternal angle
100
gas exchange takes place at the _____
bronchioles
101
___ ____ enter the left and right lobes of the lungs
primary bronchi
102
when the trachea splits, the most inferior tracheal cartilage form an internal ring called ____
carina
103
contact with the ____ will initiate a cough reflex and expel solid matter from the bronchi
carina
104
the _____ primary bronchi enters the lung more vertically and is wider
right
105
each primary bronchi divides into a ___ ____
secondary bronchi
106
the secondary bronchi are supported by ___ ____ rather than rings
cartilaginous plates
107
bronchi continue to divide until they reach a diameter of ___
less than 1 mm
108
the tiniest tubules of the bronchi are called _____
bronchioles
109
do bronchioles have cartialge?
no
110
bronchioles are composed of ___ muscle
smooth
111
contraction and dilation of ___ ____ helps regulate amount of air traveling through the bronchioles
smooth muscle
112
the muscles that regulate amount of air flow are controlled by the __ ___ ____
autonomic nervous system
113
what are the 3 components of the respiratory zone of the bronchial tree?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
114
what type of epithelia makes up the respiratory zone?
simple squamous
115
respiratory bronchi branch from the ___ ____
terminal bronchioles
116
the respiratory bronchi are distinct from the terminal bronchi because of what?
simple squamous epithelia
117
simple squamous epithelia facilitates ___ ___
gas exchange
118
respiratory bronchioles divide into airways called ___ ____
alveolar ducts
119
the distal end of the alveolar ducts terminate as ___ ____ ____
dilated alveolar sacs
120
what 3 structures contain alveoli?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
121
each alveoli has a thin wall that is specialized to promote ___ ___ between the alveoli and the ___ ___
gas exchange, pulmonary capillaries
122
the walls of the alveoli are formed by ___ ___ ____ resting on a ___ ____
simple squamous epithelia, basement membrane
123
the alveoli contain ___ ___ for communication between alveoli and collateral ventilation
alveolar pores
124
what are the 2 roles of alveolar pores?
communication, collateral ventilation
125
what 3 types of cells make up the alveolar wall?
type 1 pneumocyte, dust cell, type 2 pneumocyte
126
what type of cell is a type 1 pneumocyte?
simple squamous epithelia
127
what type of cell is a dust cell?
macrophage
128
macrophages can have ___ or ____ movement
free, fixed
129
type 2 pneumocytes are ___ shaped, ____ producing, and function as __ ___
dome, surfactant, stem cells
130
type 2 pneumocytes reduce ___ ___ and prevent ____
surface tension, collapse
131
what 3 things cover the entire alveolar sac?
smooth muscle, elastic fibers, capillaries
132
____ ____ controls the size of the airway and maintains patency of the alveolar sac
smooth muscle
133
___ ____ suspend and support the alveolar sacs
elastic fibers
134
____ facilitate the exchange of gasses between blood and alveoli
capillaries
135
what are the 3 components of the blood air barrier?
epithelium of alveoli, fused basement membranes, epithelium of capillaries
136
what are the 2 functions of the blood air barrier?
promote gas exchange, separate and protect blood from air and air from blood
137
the ___ lung has a superior, middle, and inferior lobe
right
138
the base of the lungs rest on the ____
diaphragm
139
the apex of the lungs is at the level of the ____
clavicle
140
the lungs are asymmetrical due to the ___
heart
141
the superior and middle lobes of the right lung are separated by the ___ ____
horizontal fissure
142
the inferior and middle lobes of the right lung are separated by the ____ ___
oblique fissure
143
the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung are separated by the ___ ____
oblique fissure
144
what are the lobes of the left lung?
superior, inferior
145
lungs are split into lobes for what reason?
increase surface area
146
the cardiac impression is located on the __ ____ of both/one lobe
mediastinal surface, both
147
the ___ ____ is an indentation on the anterior border of the left lung's superior lobe
cardiac notch
148
the lingula extends from the __ ____ and the ___ ___
cardiac notch, oblique fissure
149
which lung is the lingula found on?
left (remnant of what would have been middle lobe)
150
the ____ is the part of the lung where structures enter and exit
hilum
151
the ____ refers to the structures entering and exiting the lung
root
152
what 2 components of the pulmonary circuit enter the heart at the hilum?
pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins
153
the ___ bronchi enter the lobe of the lungs
secondary
154
the ___ _____ enters superiorly to the artery on the right lung
eparterial brochi
155
the ___ _____ enters inferior to the artery on the left lung
hyparterial bronchi
156
lobes are divided into functional segments called ___ ___
bronchopulmonary segments
157
why are lobes divided into bronchopulmonary segments?
each segment maintains its own air and blood supply
158
the _____ cavity contains the lungs
pleural
159
the ___ ____ of the pleural cavity stays attached to the thoracic wall
parietal lining
160
the __ ___ of the pleural cavity attaches to the lungs
visceral lining
161
___ ___ maintains the connection between the visceral and parietal linings
serous fluid
162
what are the 2 functions of serous fluid in the lungs?
lubrication of pleural cavity, creation of tension between visceral and parietal layers
163
the serous fluid indirectly attaches ___ to the ___ ___
lung, thoracic wall
164
the pleural lining is ____ when it touches the ribs
costal
165
the pleural lining is ____ when it touches the heart
mediastinal
166
the pleural lining is ____ when it touches the diaphragm
diaphragmatic
167
___ ____ takes place when the body is at rest and maintains baseline ventilation
quiet respiration
168
___ ____ occurs when the body is in motion and requires increased oxygen levels
forced respiration
169
during quiet respiration, the diaphragm flattens ____ and increases ___ dimensions
inferiorly, vertical
170
during quiet respiration, the external intercostal muscles ___ and ____ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity
contract, expand
171
during quiet exhalation, the diaphragm ___ and domes ____, ___ the vertical dimensions
relaxes, superiorly, decreasing
172
during quiet exhalation, the external intercostal muscles ___ and ___ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity
relax, decrease
173
during forced inhalation, the muscles activated are ____ to the thoracic cavity
superior
174
during forced exhalation, the muscles activated are ___ to the thoracic cavity
inferior
175
the diaphragm is under the somatic control of the ____ ____
phrenic nerve (C345 keeps the diaphragm alive)
176
the intercostal muscles are innervated by the ___ ____
intercostal nerves
177
neural control of the phrenic and intercostal nerves originates in the __ ___ of the ___ ____
respiratory center, medulla oblongata
178
___ set the baseline rate of ventilation from the respiratory center
nuclei
179
the _____ are the stretch receptors in the lungs that respond the excessive stretching (prolonged inhale) and trigger exhalation
mechanoreceptors
180
___ ___ are located in aortic and carotid bodies and sense changes in oxygen/CO2 levels, changes in pH, and trigger inhalation
chemoreceptors
181
what are the 2 locations of chemoreceptors?
aortic and carotid bodies
182
what nerve is associated with carotid bodies?
glossopharyngeal
183
what nerve is associated with aortic bodies?
vagus
184
__ ____ refers to the volume of gas in the lungs at any given time during the respiratory cycle
respiratory volumes
185
what is the average resp. volume of humans?
6 liters
