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Anatomy3651 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

the lateral aspect of the thoracic cavity is the ___

A

ribs

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2
Q

the anterior aspect of the thoracic cavity is the ____

A

sternum

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3
Q

the posterior aspect of the thoracic cavity is the ____

A

vertebrae

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4
Q

there are two ____ of the thoracic wall, one on the top and one on the bottom

A

apertures

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5
Q

the inferior thoracic aperture is completely covered by the ____

A

diaphragm

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6
Q

the diaphragm assists with _____

A

respiration

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7
Q

the ___ cavity contains the lungs

A

pleural

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8
Q

the ___ contains the heart and surrounding pericardium

A

medianstinum

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9
Q

what are the 5 functions of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange, air conditioning, sound production, olfaction, defense

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10
Q

the function of the respiratory system for bringing oxygen into the body and bloodstream and removal of carbon dioxide

A

gas exchange

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11
Q

the function of the respiratory system of adding warmth and moisture to breathed air

A

air conditioning

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12
Q

the function of the respiratory system of the larynx producing sound for speaking when air passes through larynx during exhalation

A

sound production

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13
Q

the function of the respiratory system of specialized epithelium in the nasal cavity carrying information regarding smell to olfactory nerve

A

olfaction

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14
Q

the function of the respiratory system of mucus protecting the fragile respiratory lining from drying out, trapping dirt particles, as well as lymphoid tissue associated with the respiratory tract monitoring the air we breath for unwanted particles and microorganisms

A

defense

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15
Q

what are the 4 components of the upper respt. tract?

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

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16
Q

what is the purpose of the upper respt. tract?

A

air conduction (passage)

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17
Q

what are the 4 components of the lower respt. tract?

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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18
Q

what is the purpose of the lower respt. tract?

A

air conduction and gas exchange

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19
Q

___ ____ are cartilaginous openings of the nose through which air passes?

A

external nares

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20
Q

the ___ ____ is the opening that leads into the naval cavity

A

nasal vestibule

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21
Q

the nasal vestibule is lined with ____

A

vibrissae

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22
Q

____ are fine, mucus coated hair that act as air filters and collect debris and foreign particles in the nasal vestibule

A

vibrissae

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23
Q

what type of cell is found in the nasal vestibule?

A

stratified squamous epithiulia

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24
Q

what type of cell is found in the nasal vestibule?

A

stratified squamous epithelia

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25
Q

the naval cavity is protected on all sides by the ____ ____

A

craniofacial bones

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26
Q

the ___ ____ divides the nasal cavity into a left and right side

A

naval septum

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27
Q

what bones make up the nasal septum?

A

perp. plate of ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage

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28
Q

___ ____ line the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and are named for their relative position

A

nasal conchae

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29
Q

what are the 3 nasal conchae?

A

superior, middle, inferior

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30
Q

the ___ and ___ conchae are part of the ethmoid bone

A

superior, middle

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31
Q

___ ___ are spaces found under each conchae that increase surface area of the nasal cavity

A

nasal conchae

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32
Q

__ and ___ slow the flow of air through the nasal cavity so it can get warmed and humidified before reaching the lungs

A

conchae, meatuses

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33
Q

what are the four paranasal sinuses?

A

ethmoid, maxillary, frontal, sphenoid

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34
Q

what paranasal sinus is many air cells instead of a single sinus?

A

ethmoid

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35
Q

what are the four functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

lighten skill, tone voice, protect head structures, produce mucus

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36
Q

the ___ ____ is a large ethmoid air cell that bulges into the middle nasal meatus

A

ethmoid bulla

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37
Q

where does the ethmoid bulla buldge?

A

into the middle nasal meatus

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38
Q

the ___ ____ is a narrow channel that lies below the ethmoid bulla

A

semilunar hiatus

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39
Q

mucus from the sinuses drains into the ___ ____

A

nasal cavity

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40
Q

the ____ and ___ sinus drain into the semilunar hiatus

A

frontal, maxillary

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41
Q

the pharynx begins at the ___ ___

A

internal nares

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42
Q

what are the 3 sections of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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43
Q

the _____ pharynx extends from the internal nares to the uvula of the soft palate

A

naso

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44
Q

what are the 3 components of the nasopharynx?

A

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), pharyngotympanic tubes, uvula

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45
Q

____ _____ are lymphatic tissue that monitors the airway for antigens and will initiate immune response if detected

A

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

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46
Q

the ____ ____equalize the pressure between the middle ear and the outside environment, and drains middle ear fluid

A

pharyngeal tubes

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47
Q

the _____ combines with the sot palate to form a loose seal between the nasopharynx and oropharynx

A

uvula

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48
Q

the nasopharynx passes ____ to the body

A

air

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49
Q

the ____pharynx extends from the uvula of the soft palate to the hyoid bone

A

oro

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50
Q

the ____pharynx is a common passageway for ingested food and air

A

oropharynx

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51
Q

what are the 3 components of the oropharynx?

A

lingual tonsils, palatine tonsils, epiglottis

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52
Q

___ and ___ ____ form the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled particles

A

lingual, palatine tonsils

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53
Q

the ____ is a cartilaginous flat that covers the larynx during swallowing and protects the airway from food

A

epiglottis

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54
Q

the ____pharynx extends the hyoid bone to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

A

laryngo

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55
Q

the ______ is the opening to the larynx and contains part of the epiglottis

A

laryngopharynx

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56
Q

what type of cell is found in the shared passages and acts as protection?

A

stratified squamous epithelia

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57
Q

the ___ ____ is found only in passageways for air

A

mucus membrane

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58
Q

respiratory epithelium is ___ ___ ____ epithelia with ___ ____

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar, goblet cells

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59
Q

___ _____ are cells that secrete mucus

A

goblet

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60
Q

___ directs the movement of mucus and debris out of the respiratory system

A

cilia

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61
Q

___ ___ is specialized loose connective tissue that contains seromucous glands

A

lamina propria

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62
Q

serous fluid has _____which destroys foreign cells

A

lysozymes

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63
Q

___ epithelia lines the superior border of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory

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64
Q

____ ____ maintains other cells which support CN1 and assist in the collection of odor molecules

A

olfactory epithelia

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65
Q

____ _____ help odor stick to the nose

A

bowmans glands

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66
Q

what makes up the hyo-larngeal complex?

A

hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage

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67
Q

what is the function of the hyo-larngeal complex?

A

protection of the larynx, insertion of muscles and vocal cords

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68
Q

laryngeal cartilages are attached to the hyoid bone via the __ ___

A

thyrohyoid membrane

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69
Q

cricoid cartilage is attached to the thyroid cartilage via the ____ ____

A

cricothyroid membrane

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70
Q

thyroid cartilage is __ shaped

A

C

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71
Q

the two halves of the thyroid cartilage form the ____ ______

A

laryngeal prominence (adams apple)

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72
Q

the laryngeal prominence is on the ___ side of the larynx

A

anterior

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73
Q

the ___ ____ is the origin of the vocal cords

A

thyroid cartilage

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74
Q

cricoid cartilage is a _____ shape

A

ring like

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75
Q

the cricoid cartilage is ___ in the front and ___ in the back

A

wider, narrower

76
Q

___ ____ are paired pyramidal cartilages that sit on top of the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage

A

arytenoid cartilages

77
Q

what are the 3 parts of arytenoid cartilages?

A

apex, muscular process, vocal process

78
Q

the ___ ___ is the insertion of the vocal cords

A

arytenoid cartilage

79
Q

the ___ is a left-like cartilage with a stem attached to the thyroid cartilage

A

epiglottis

80
Q

the ___ closes over the opening of the larynx during swallowing

A

larynx

81
Q

the muscles of the larynx are responsible for movement of ____

A

cartilage

82
Q

what does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle do?

A

abduct vocal cords

83
Q

what does the arytenoid muscle do?

A

adduct vocal cords

84
Q

what are the origin and insertion of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles?

A

cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage

85
Q

what are the origin and insertion of the arytenoid muscles?

A

arytenoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage

86
Q

the vocal cords originate on ____ ___ and insert on ____ ____

A

thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage

87
Q

the vocal cords are protected by a layer of ____

A

mucosa

88
Q

when the vocal cords are covered in mucus, they are referred to as ___ ___

A

vocal folds

89
Q

the fold of mucosa that sits superior to the vocal cords is called __ ___ ____

A

false vocal cords

90
Q

what is the function of the false vocal cords?

A

protect the true vocal cords

91
Q

the ___ ____ is a membrane that extends from the vocal cords to the cricoid cartilage, leaving an opening between the vocal cords called the rima glottidis

A

conus elasticus

92
Q

the opening between the vocal cords that produces sound is the ___ _____

A

rima glottidis

93
Q

the ____ is a flexible tube that extends inferiorly from the cricoid cartilage to the manubriosternal angle of rib 2

A

trachea

94
Q

the trachea is lined with a ___ ___

A

mucus membrane

95
Q

the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea are supported by ___ ____ made of ___ ___

A

cartilaginous rings, hyaline cartilage

96
Q

___ ____ lies between the cartilaginous rings of the trachea

A

smooth muscle

97
Q

the posterior side of the trachea is covered with smooth muscle called ___ ___

A

trachealis muscle

98
Q

the trachea bifurcates into what?

A

a left and right primary bronchi

99
Q

where does the trachea bifurcate?

A

manubriosternal angle

100
Q

gas exchange takes place at the _____

A

bronchioles

101
Q

___ ____ enter the left and right lobes of the lungs

A

primary bronchi

102
Q

when the trachea splits, the most inferior tracheal cartilage form an internal ring called ____

A

carina

103
Q

contact with the ____ will initiate a cough reflex and expel solid matter from the bronchi

A

carina

104
Q

the _____ primary bronchi enters the lung more vertically and is wider

A

right

105
Q

each primary bronchi divides into a ___ ____

A

secondary bronchi

106
Q

the secondary bronchi are supported by ___ ____ rather than rings

A

cartilaginous plates

107
Q

bronchi continue to divide until they reach a diameter of ___

A

less than 1 mm

108
Q

the tiniest tubules of the bronchi are called _____

A

bronchioles

109
Q

do bronchioles have cartialge?

A

no

110
Q

bronchioles are composed of ___ muscle

A

smooth

111
Q

contraction and dilation of ___ ____ helps regulate amount of air traveling through the bronchioles

A

smooth muscle

112
Q

the muscles that regulate amount of air flow are controlled by the __ ___ ____

A

autonomic nervous system

113
Q

what are the 3 components of the respiratory zone of the bronchial tree?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

114
Q

what type of epithelia makes up the respiratory zone?

A

simple squamous

115
Q

respiratory bronchi branch from the ___ ____

A

terminal bronchioles

116
Q

the respiratory bronchi are distinct from the terminal bronchi because of what?

A

simple squamous epithelia

117
Q

simple squamous epithelia facilitates ___ ___

A

gas exchange

118
Q

respiratory bronchioles divide into airways called ___ ____

A

alveolar ducts

119
Q

the distal end of the alveolar ducts terminate as ___ ____ ____

A

dilated alveolar sacs

120
Q

what 3 structures contain alveoli?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

121
Q

each alveoli has a thin wall that is specialized to promote ___ ___ between the alveoli and the ___ ___

A

gas exchange, pulmonary capillaries

122
Q

the walls of the alveoli are formed by ___ ___ ____ resting on a ___ ____

A

simple squamous epithelia, basement membrane

123
Q

the alveoli contain ___ ___ for communication between alveoli and collateral ventilation

A

alveolar pores

124
Q

what are the 2 roles of alveolar pores?

A

communication, collateral ventilation

125
Q

what 3 types of cells make up the alveolar wall?

A

type 1 pneumocyte, dust cell, type 2 pneumocyte

126
Q

what type of cell is a type 1 pneumocyte?

A

simple squamous epithelia

127
Q

what type of cell is a dust cell?

A

macrophage

128
Q

macrophages can have ___ or ____ movement

A

free, fixed

129
Q

type 2 pneumocytes are ___ shaped, ____ producing, and function as __ ___

A

dome, surfactant, stem cells

130
Q

type 2 pneumocytes reduce ___ ___ and prevent ____

A

surface tension, collapse

131
Q

what 3 things cover the entire alveolar sac?

A

smooth muscle, elastic fibers, capillaries

132
Q

____ ____ controls the size of the airway and maintains patency of the alveolar sac

A

smooth muscle

133
Q

___ ____ suspend and support the alveolar sacs

A

elastic fibers

134
Q

____ facilitate the exchange of gasses between blood and alveoli

A

capillaries

135
Q

what are the 3 components of the blood air barrier?

A

epithelium of alveoli, fused basement membranes, epithelium of capillaries

136
Q

what are the 2 functions of the blood air barrier?

A

promote gas exchange, separate and protect blood from air and air from blood

137
Q

the ___ lung has a superior, middle, and inferior lobe

A

right

138
Q

the base of the lungs rest on the ____

A

diaphragm

139
Q

the apex of the lungs is at the level of the ____

A

clavicle

140
Q

the lungs are asymmetrical due to the ___

A

heart

141
Q

the superior and middle lobes of the right lung are separated by the ___ ____

A

horizontal fissure

142
Q

the inferior and middle lobes of the right lung are separated by the ____ ___

A

oblique fissure

143
Q

the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung are separated by the ___ ____

A

oblique fissure

144
Q

what are the lobes of the left lung?

A

superior, inferior

145
Q

lungs are split into lobes for what reason?

A

increase surface area

146
Q

the cardiac impression is located on the __ ____ of both/one lobe

A

mediastinal surface, both

147
Q

the ___ ____ is an indentation on the anterior border of the left lung’s superior lobe

A

cardiac notch

148
Q

the lingula extends from the __ ____ and the ___ ___

A

cardiac notch, oblique fissure

149
Q

which lung is the lingula found on?

A

left (remnant of what would have been middle lobe)

150
Q

the ____ is the part of the lung where structures enter and exit

A

hilum

151
Q

the ____ refers to the structures entering and exiting the lung

A

root

152
Q

what 2 components of the pulmonary circuit enter the heart at the hilum?

A

pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins

153
Q

the ___ bronchi enter the lobe of the lungs

A

secondary

154
Q

the ___ _____ enters superiorly to the artery on the right lung

A

eparterial brochi

155
Q

the ___ _____ enters inferior to the artery on the left lung

A

hyparterial bronchi

156
Q

lobes are divided into functional segments called ___ ___

A

bronchopulmonary segments

157
Q

why are lobes divided into bronchopulmonary segments?

A

each segment maintains its own air and blood supply

158
Q

the _____ cavity contains the lungs

A

pleural

159
Q

the ___ ____ of the pleural cavity stays attached to the thoracic wall

A

parietal lining

160
Q

the __ ___ of the pleural cavity attaches to the lungs

A

visceral lining

161
Q

___ ___ maintains the connection between the visceral and parietal linings

A

serous fluid

162
Q

what are the 2 functions of serous fluid in the lungs?

A

lubrication of pleural cavity, creation of tension between visceral and parietal layers

163
Q

the serous fluid indirectly attaches ___ to the ___ ___

A

lung, thoracic wall

164
Q

the pleural lining is ____ when it touches the ribs

A

costal

165
Q

the pleural lining is ____ when it touches the heart

A

mediastinal

166
Q

the pleural lining is ____ when it touches the diaphragm

A

diaphragmatic

167
Q

___ ____ takes place when the body is at rest and maintains baseline ventilation

A

quiet respiration

168
Q

___ ____ occurs when the body is in motion and requires increased oxygen levels

A

forced respiration

169
Q

during quiet respiration, the diaphragm flattens ____ and increases ___ dimensions

A

inferiorly, vertical

170
Q

during quiet respiration, the external intercostal muscles ___ and ____ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity

A

contract, expand

171
Q

during quiet exhalation, the diaphragm ___ and domes ____, ___ the vertical dimensions

A

relaxes, superiorly, decreasing

172
Q

during quiet exhalation, the external intercostal muscles ___ and ___ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity

A

relax, decrease

173
Q

during forced inhalation, the muscles activated are ____ to the thoracic cavity

A

superior

174
Q

during forced exhalation, the muscles activated are ___ to the thoracic cavity

A

inferior

175
Q

the diaphragm is under the somatic control of the ____ ____

A

phrenic nerve (C345 keeps the diaphragm alive)

176
Q

the intercostal muscles are innervated by the ___ ____

A

intercostal nerves

177
Q

neural control of the phrenic and intercostal nerves originates in the __ ___ of the ___ ____

A

respiratory center, medulla oblongata

178
Q

___ set the baseline rate of ventilation from the respiratory center

A

nuclei

179
Q

the _____ are the stretch receptors in the lungs that respond the excessive stretching (prolonged inhale) and trigger exhalation

A

mechanoreceptors

180
Q

___ ___ are located in aortic and carotid bodies and sense changes in oxygen/CO2 levels, changes in pH, and trigger inhalation

A

chemoreceptors

181
Q

what are the 2 locations of chemoreceptors?

A

aortic and carotid bodies

182
Q

what nerve is associated with carotid bodies?

A

glossopharyngeal

183
Q

what nerve is associated with aortic bodies?

A

vagus

184
Q

__ ____ refers to the volume of gas in the lungs at any given time during the respiratory cycle

A

respiratory volumes

185
Q

what is the average resp. volume of humans?

A

6 liters

Anatomy3651 (33 decks)

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