Heart Flashcards
arteries travel ____ the heart
away from
veins travel ____ the heart
towards
what are the 4 components of the circulatory/cardiovascular system?
heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
the heart sits within the ___ of the thorax
mediastinum
the heart sits ____ to the left and ___ to the right
2/3, 1/3
the base of the heart is at what landmark?
sternal angle (2nd rib)
the apex of the heart is at what landmark?
5th intercostal space
the apex of the heart is ____ facing
anteriorly
what is the anterior border of the heart?
right ventricle
what is the anterior border of the heart?
right ventricle
the right ventricle is the ____ border
anterior
the left ventricle is the ___ border
lateral
what is the lateral border of the heart?
left ventricle
what is the superior border of the heart?
right and left atria
the ___ and _____ are the superior border of the heart
right atria, left atria
what is the lining of the heart?
pericardium
the pericardium secretes ____ for ____
serous fluid, lubrication
what are the 3 layers of the pericardium?
fibrous, parietal, visceral
what are the 2 divisions of the serous pericardium?
parietal, visceral
what separates the parietal and visceral pericardium?
pericardial space/cavity
what is the term for the serous fluid filled space between the visceral and parietal pericardium?
pericardial space
what is the term for an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space that prevents the heart chambers from expanding and filling?
cardiac tamponade
cardiac tamponade prevents the heart chambers from ___ and ____
expanding, filling
what is the outmost layer of the heart wall?
epicardium
the visceral pericardium is also known as what?
epicardium
what is the middle layer of the heart wall?
myocardium
the myocardium communications via what?
cell junctions called gap junctions/intercalated discs
what is the innermost layer of the heart wall?
endocardium
what is endocardium made of?
epithelium and subendothelial connective tissue
what are the two heart circuits?
pulmonary, systemic
what circuit involves the right chambers?
pulmonary
what circuit involves deoxygenated blood?
pulmonary
what circuit pumps to the lungs?
pulmonary
what circuit involves the left chambers?
systemic
what circuit is the strongest?
systemic
what circuit involves oxygenated blood?
systemic
what circuit pumps blood to the body?
systemic
what are the 3 veins that blood enter the right atrium through?
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
blood from the superior vena cava comes from the ___ ____
upper body
blood from the inferior vena cava comes from the ____ ____
lower body
blood from the coronary sinus comes from ____
myocardium
the posterior half of the right atrium is called the ___ _____
sinus venarum
what is the name of the sinus venarum during embryonic development?
sinus venosus
the anterior of the right atrium has texture called ___ _____
pectinate muscle
the pectinate muscle and smooth wall of the right atrium is separated by the ___ ______
Crista Terminalis
what sends blood into the pulmonary trunk that then goes into the lungs?
right ventricle
what receives oxygen poor blood that is eventually send to the lungs?
right atrium
the pulmonary trunk exits the heart at the ____
base
what structure provides structure and support to the ventricle walls?
trabeculae carneae
what is the cone shaped ventricular flow that conducts blood into the pulmonary trunk?
conus arteriosus (infundibulum)
what is the structure that connects papillary muscles to the cusps of the valves?
chordae tendinae
what structure extends from the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscle?
moderator band
what kind of fibers make up the moderator band?
nerve/Purkinje
nerve/Purkinje fibers carry ____ ____ for contraction of the heart from interventricular septum to anterior papillary muscle
electrical impulses
nerve/Purkinje fibers carry electrical impulses for contraction of the heart from ____ ____ to ___ ____ ____
interventricular septum, anterior papillary muscle
what receives oxygen rich blood?
left atrium
blood enters through 4 ___ ____ into the left atrium
pulmonary veins
the 4 pulmonary veins take blood from the ____ to the ___ ____
lungs, left atrium
the left atrium has ___ wall
smooth
from the inside of the left atrium, you can see the ___ _____
fossa ovale
the left atrium is lined with ___ _____
pectinate muscle
what sends blood to the aorta to the rest of the body?
left ventricle
the ___ ____ is the depression that separates atria from ventricles
coronary sulcus
the coronary sulcus separates what?
atria from ventricles
the aorta exits the heart at the ____
trunk
myocardium is thicker on what side of the heart?
left
what separates the atria?
interatrial septum
the interatrial septum separates what?
left from right atria
what separates the ventricles?
interventricular septum
the interventricular septum separates what?
left from right ventricle
what is the purpose of heart valves?
ensure unidirectional flow
how many heart valves are there?
4
what are the 2 categories of heart valves?
atrioventricular, semilunar
the atrioventricular valves connect what?
atria to corresponding ventricle
what valve connects the right atrium and ventricle?
tricuspid
what valve connects the left atrium and ventricle?
bicuspid/mitral
what is another term for the mitral valve?
bicuspid
when the heart is relaxed, does blood stop or flow through valves?
flow
when the ventricles contract, valves will _____ due to the change in pressure
close
what type of valves prevent blood that is leaving the heart from flowing back into the ventricles?
semilunar
what is the name of the valve connecting the left ventricle and aorta?
aortic
what is the name of the valve connecting the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk?
pulmonary
___ ____ ensure unidirectional flow of blood
heart valves
The atrioventricular valve connecting the R atrium to R ventricle is the ____
tricuspid
the atrioventricular valve connecting the L atrium to R ventricle is the ____
bicuspid/mitral
When heart is relaxed, blood _____
flows
when ventricles contract, valves _____ due to change in pressure
close
the semilunar valves prevent blood from leaking and flowing back into the ____
ventricles
the semilunar valve between the L ventricle and aorta is called the _____
aortic
the semilunar valve between the R ventricle and pulmonary trunk is called the _____
pulmonary
the fetal heart receives _____ blood from the mother
oxygenated
the umbilical cord carries ____ blood from ____ to _____
oxygenated, placenta, heart
the umbillical artery carries ______ blood from ___ to ____
deoxygenated, heart, placenta
the ____ ______ is a hole to enable flood travel directly from R to L atrium in a fetus
foramen ovale
the foramen ovale allows blood to travel directly from where to where?
R to L atrium
the __ ____ closes shortly after birth to become the ___ _____
foramen ovale, fossa ovalis
the ___ _____ are ducts between arteries in the fetus
ductus arteriosus
the ductus arteriosus carries blood from the ___ ___ ____ to the ____
left pulmonary artery, aorta
what in the fetal heart has the function of diverting oxygenated blood out of the left pulmonary artery to the aorta and tissues of the body?
ductus arteriosus
____ ___ ____ is also called patent foramen ovale
atrial septum defect
ASD is ____ for years
non-symptomatic
ASD causes ___ blood to flow from ___ ___ to ___ ____
deoxygenated, R atrium, L atrium
ASD causes the ___ ___ to fill with ____ blood
L atrium, deoxygenated blood
In ASD, once the deoxygenated blood flows to the L atrium, it goes where?
into aorta and all body tissues
deoxygenated blood flowing into the aorta and then body tissues causes what condition?
hypoxia
what is defined as a decrease in blood oxygen concentration?
hypoxia
____ ____ _____ is when the interventricular septum that separates the R and L ventricles does not fully development
ventricular septum defect (VSD)
the interventricular septum grows from what during development?
myocardium
what condition is known as a “hole in the heart?”
ventricular septum defect
___ ____ provide blood supply to the myocardium
coronary arteries
___ _____ are openings in the aorta distal to the aortic semilunar valve
coronary arteries
blood enters the coronary arteries from the ____ when the ___ ____ valve is closed the the left ventricle is relaxed and filling
aorta, aortic semilunar
what two arteries does the left coronary artery branch into?
Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD), circumflex artery
what arteries does the circumflex artery branch into?
left marginal arteries
what two arteries does the right coronary artery branch into?
right marginal artery, posterior intereventricular artery
what artery does the circumflex artery come from?
left coronary artery
what artery does the posterior interventricular artery come from?
right coronary artery
____ ____ run deoxygenated blood from the myocardium to R atrium
cardiac veins
cardiac veins run deoxygenated blood from the ____ to the ___ _____
myocardium, R atrium
the ___ ___ ____ drain from the R ventricle directly into the R atrium
anterior cardiac veins
cardiac veins travel with the ___ _____ and drain into the ___ ____
coronary arteries, coronary sinus
the ___ ____ ____ runs along-side the anterior interventricular artery
great cardiac vein
the ___ ____ ____ becomes the coronary sinus when it drains into the R atrium
great cardiac vein
the great cardiac veins becomes the ____ _____ when it drains into the R atrium
coronary sinus
the ___ ___ ____ run along-side the posterior interventricular artery
middle cardiac vein
the middle cardiac veins runs along-side the ___ ___ ____
posterior interventricular artery
the middle cardiac vein and small cardiac vein empty into the ___ ____
coronary sinus
the ___ ___ ___ carry deoxygenated blood from the myocardium directly into the lumen chamber of the heart
microscopic cardiac veins
microscopic cardiac veins carry deoxygenated blood from the myocardium directly into the ____ chamber of the heart
lumen
what is the cardiac skeleton made up of?
dense connective tissue
what are the 3 functions of the cardiac skeleton?
anchor myocardium, support and reinforce valves, block impulses
the SA node is located where?
roof of R atrium
the AV node is located where?
base of R atrium
what is the order of impulse travel?
SA node, atrial myocardium, AV node, bundle branches, purkinje fibers, septum, papillary muscles, ventricular myocardium
purkinje fibers carry impulses from ___ ___ into the ____
bundle branches, septum
what is the term for contraction of myocardium?
systole
in systole, the chambers ____ blood
pump
the ____ sound is caused by the AV valves slamming shut to prevent regurgitation from backflow of blood from ventricles back into the atria
LUB
what is the term for relaxation of the myocardium?
diastole
in diastole, the chambers ___ ___blood
fill with
the ____ sound is caused by the semilunar valve shutting to prevent regurgitation or backflow of blood from arteries back into veins
DUB
a coronary artery occlusion results in a loss of ____ to the ___ _____
impulse, ventricular myocardium
impulses can be generated by a _____ in the case of a coronary artery occlusion
pacemaker
what is the cardiac plexus?
all sympathetics and parasympathetics to the heart
the cardiac sympathetics are derived from where?
thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments
sympathetics ____ heart rate/rate of contractions
increase
the cardiac parasympathetics are derived from where?
cranial and sacral spinal cord segments
parasympathetics ____ heart rate/rate of contractions
decrease
what is the first event in the sympathetic response?
receptors detect low blood pressure and/or CO2 concentrations
low blood pressure and/or CO2 concentrations are detected by what system?
sympathetic
centers in the ___ ____ send signals via sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves
medulla oblongata
signals from the medulla oblongata regarding sympathetics and parasympathetics are send where?
SA and AV nodes
____ ___ ___ is an occlusion of the anterior interventricular artery that causes a loss of blood flow to the bundle branches
coronary artery occlusion
