Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
what is the primary role of the endocrine system?
A
regulate functions via hormones in the bloodstream
2
Q
what are the two master endocrine controls?
A
hypothalamus, pituitary gland
3
Q
what is more common, positive or negative feedback loop?
A
negative
4
Q
the hypothalamus sends hormones to the ____ _____
A
anterior pituitary
5
Q
the anterior pituitary sends hormones to the ___ ____
A
target glands
6
Q
how does a positive feedback loop work?
A
the end product stimulates the production of more product
7
Q
the hypothalamus produces ____ _____
A
releasing hormones
8
Q
hormones travel through the ___ ____ to the anterior pituitary
A
portal system
9
Q
what are the 3 main hormones produced by the anterior pituitary?
A
FSH, LH (gonadotropins), prolactin
10
Q
what major hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary?
A
oxytocin
11
Q
oxytocin and ADH are made in the _____ and released in the ___ _____
A
hypothalamus, posterior pituitary
12
Q
when blood sugar is too high, ____ is released by the pancreas
A
insulin
13
Q
when blood sugar is too low, ___ is released by the pancreas
A
glucogon
14
Q
the ___ ____ is located on top of the left kidney
A
adrenal gland
15
Q
what are the 3 layers of the adrenal gland in order?
A
adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, capsule
16
Q
what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?
A
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
17
Q
the adrenal cortex is stimulated by ___
A
ACTH
18
Q
the zona glomerulosa releases _______
A
aldosterone
19
Q
what is the role of aldosterone?
A
regulate blood pressure
20
Q
the zona fasciculata released ____
A
cortisol
21
Q
cortisol is the ___ hormone
A
stress
22
Q
the zona reticularis releases _____
A
androgens
23
Q
what is the role of androgens?
A
sex hormones, typically masculine but also found in females
24
Q
what hormone is released by the adrenal gland into the kidney?
A
aldosterone
25
renin is released from the ____
kidney
26
angiotensinogen is released from the ____
liver
27
renin acts on angiotensinogen to form ____ __
angiotensin 1
28
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) is released from the _____
lungs
29
ACE acts on angiotensin 1 to form ___ ___
angiotensin 2
30
angiotensin 2 acts directly on ___ ___ and stimulates _____
blood vessels, narrowing
31
angiotensin 2 acts upon the ___ _____ to stimulate the release of _____
adrenal gland, aldosterone
32
what does aldosterone do to the kidneys?
stimulate reabsorption of salt and water
33
what is the name of the system that regulates blood pressure?
renin-angiotensin system
34
the thyroid engages in a _____ feedback loop
negative
35
Thyroid hormone stimulates target cells to ____ metabolic activity
increase
36
___ ___ are what produce thyroid hormone
follicular cells
37
the role of parafollicular cells is what?
lower blood calcium levels
38
how do the parafollicular cell complete their function of lowering blood calcium levels?
inhibits the activity in osteclasts which break down the bone and inhibit the tubular reabsorption of calcium
39
low blood calcium is detected by the ____ ____
parathyroid gland
40
once low blood calcium levels are detected by the parathyroid gland, ____ is secreted into the bloodstream
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
41
in what way do osteoclasts aid in increasing blood calcium levels?
reabsorb bone connective tissue which releases calcium into the blood stream
42
in what way do the kidneys aid in increasing blood calcium level?
retain calcium and promote activation of an inactive form of vitamin D to calcitriol, which is an active form of vitamin D
43
in what way does the small intestine aid in increasing blood calcium levels?
increases of absorption of more calcium under the influence of calcitriol
44
the parathyroid engages in a ____ feedback loop
negative
45
what are the master controls of the endocrine system?
hypothalamus, pituitary gland
46
what seven hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
ACTH, GH, prolactin, TSH, MSH, FSH, LH
47
what hormones are made in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary?
oxytocin, ADH
48
what is produced by parafollicular cells?
calcitonin
49
the pituitary gland is found within the ___ _____
sella turcica
50
does the posterior pituitary produce hormones?
no
51
the posterior pituitary ____ the produces made in the hypothalamus for later release
stores
52
the _____ of the adrenal gland is responsible for the endocrine functions
cortex
53
the medulla of the adrenal gland produces ____ and ____ to help create a system wide sympathetic response
norepinephrine, epinephrine
54
the thyroid is found in the neck inferior to the ____
larynx
55
the thyroid gland is divided into _____
follicles
56
the colloid of the thyroid gland is found in the ____
follicles
57
colloid contains _____ which is used by the simple cuboidal follicular cells that line each follicle to produce thyroid hormone
iodine
58
hormones of the thyroid regulate our ______
metabolism
59
the parathyroid is located on the ____ side of the thyroid
posterior
60
the glands of the parathyroid are found in the ____ _____ of the thyroid
connective tissue
61
insulin and glucagon are produced in what part of the pancreas?
islets
62
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) travels to the ___ _____
adrenal cortex
63
GH (growth hormone) travels to the ___ and ____
bones, muscles
64
MSH (malanocyte stimulating hormone) travels to the _____
skin
65
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) travels to the _____
thyroid
66
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) travel to the ___ and ____
testis, ovaries
67
oxytocin and prolactin travel to the ______
breast
68
ADH (anti diuretic hormone) travels to the ______
kidney
69
pancreatic islets are clusters of ____ cells
endocrine (a cells and b cells)
70
a cells release glucagon when blood sugar levels ____
drop
71
b cells release insulin when blood sugar levels ____
rise
72
what occurrence stimulates the renin-angiotensin system?
drop in blood pressure, drop in fluid volume
73
renin is an enzyme that acts on _____ from the liver
angiotensinogen
74
angiotensin 2 acts on the adrenal gland to stimulate the release of _____
aldosterone
75
what does aldosterone do in the renin-angiotensin system?
acts on the kidneys to stimulate the reabsorption of salt and water
76
what is the ultimate goal of parafollicular cells/calcitonin?
reduce blood calcium level
77
what is the ultimate goal of the parathyroid gland?
increase blood calcium levels
78
to increase blood calcium levels, what do osteoclasts do?
reabsorb bone connective tissue and release calcium into bloodstream
79
to increase blood calcium levels, what do the kidneys do?
retain calcium and promote the activate of calcitriol to an active vitamin D
80
to increase blood calcium levels, what does the small intestine do?
increase absorption of calcium under the influence of calcitriol
81
the ___ _____ signal the juxtaglomerular cells to produce renin in response to low sodium concentrations
macula densa
82
what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
acinar cells produce gastric juice via pancreatic duct into the duodenum when stimulated by the duodenum releasing secretin
83
what happens in the liver when alpha cells secrete glucagon in response to blood glucose dropping?
tells target cells to break down glycogen into glucose and to release glucose into the blood stream
84
what happens in the liver when beta cells secrete insulin in response to blood glucose rising?
tells target cells to retain/take up glucose
85
type 1 diabetes is the autoimmune loss of ___ cells
beta
86
type 2 diabetes is _____ resistance coupled with b cell loss
insulin
87
what is the thickest layer of the adrenal cortex?
zona fasciculata
88
what hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex?
ACTH
89
mineralocorticoids are released by what layer of the adrenal cortex?
zona glomerulosa
90
glucocorticoids are released by what layer of the adrenal cortex?
zona fasciculata
91
gonadocorticoids are released from what layer of the adrenal cortex?
zona reticularis
92
what is release by the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine, norepinephrine
93
what two hormones are released to regulate kidney function?
aldosterone (from adrenal gland) and ADH (from posterior pituitary)
94
renin's role is to ____ blood pressure and ____ blood vessels
increase, narrow
95
renin released from the kidney acts upon ____ released from the liver
angiotensinogen
96
renin acts on angiotenisogen as well as _______
angiotensin 1
97
angiotensin 2 acts on the _____ _____ to stimulate the release of aldosterone
adrenal gland
98
what two things are reabsorbed by the kidney when acted upon by aldosterone?
NaCl, H2O
99
what type of stimulus causes the hypothalamus to release TRH to act on the anterior pituitary?
low body temp
100
TSH stimulates thyroid follicles to release ___ ____
thyroid hormone
101
what two thyroid hormones act in opposite to each other?
parathyroid hormone (increases blood calcium) and calcitonin (decreases blood calcium)
102
calcitonin is released from _____ cells
parafollicular
103
what type of cells line thyroid follicles?
simple cuboidal
