Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
what does the mesonephric duct develop into?
A
spermatic tract
2
Q
what does the paramesonephric duct develop into?
A
uterus and uterine tubes
3
Q
at how far of gestation do female and male parts start differentiating?
A
5-6 weeks
4
Q
____ sex organs and responsible for producing gametes (testes, ovaries)
A
primary
5
Q
____ sex organs produce everything except for gametes (testes, ovaries)
A
secondary
6
Q
the perineum is composed of the ___ ____ and ____ ____
A
urogenital triangle, anal triangle
7
Q
what muscle is responsible for pelvic floor support?
A
levator ani
8
Q
what are the 2 types of erectile tissues?
A
corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum
9
Q
what are the 3 traits similar to both types of erectile tissue?
A
high vascularized, extensive sensory nerve endings, covered by musculature
10
Q
what type of erectile tissue is a thick connective tissue covering?
A
corpora cavernosa
11
Q
what type of erectile tissue is a thinner connective tissue covering?
A
corpus spongiosum
12
Q
what type of erectile tissue is good for erection?
A
corpora cavernosa
13
Q
what type of erectile tissue is good for patency?
A
corpus spongiosum
14
Q
what erectile tissue is on the body of the clitoris?
A
corpora cavernosa
15
Q
what erectile tissue is on the glans of the clitoris?
A
corpus spongiosum
16
Q
what erectile tissue is on the crus of the clitoris?
A
corpora cavernosa
17
Q
what erectile tissue is on the bulb of the vestibule?
A
corpus spongiosum
18
Q
what are the 6 structures of the vulva?
A
glans of the clitoris, labia minora, labia majora, vestibule, vaginal orifice, urethral orifice
19
Q
the glans of the clitoris is covered by ____
A
prepuce
20
Q
the ___ is the external genetalia of the female
A
vulva
21
Q
the ___ ____ glands are located on either side of the vaginal orifice for lubrication
A
greater vestibular
22
Q
the ____ ____ glands are located on either side of the urethral orifice for production of ejaculate
A
lesser vestibular
23
Q
is the vaginal acidic or basic?
A
acidic
24
Q
the vaginal has a highly ____ mucosa
A
vascularized
25
what type of epithelia lines the vagina?
stratified squamous
26
what two types of cells are found in the lamina propria of the vagina?
granulocytes, lymphocytes
27
what is the membrane covering the levator ani?
perineal membrane
28
what is the erectile tissue of the bulb of the penis?
corpus songiosum
29
what is the erectile tissue of the crus of the penis?
corpora cavernosa
30
what is the erectile tissue for the corpora cavernosa of the penis?
corpora cavernosa
31
what is the erectile tissue for the glans of the penis?
corpus spongiosum
32
the ____ is an extension of the abdominal wall
scrotum
33
the scrotum contains ____ and ____ _____
testes, spermatic cord
34
what is the role of the scrotum?
regulate temp for sperm production
35
what are the 3 parts of the spermatic cord?
vans deferans, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus
36
what is the male homologue of the labia majora?
scrotum
37
what is the junction of the vas deferens and seminal vesicle called?
ejaculatory duct
38
what is the site for seminal product production?
seminar vesicle
39
the body of the epididymis connects to the ____ _____
vas deferens
40
the ___ _____ of the testis comes from the mesenephric duct
seminiferous tubule
41
___ cells are located outside of the tubules of the testes
interstitial
42
____ cells are located inside of the tubules of the testes
sustentacular
43
____ is the site of sperm maturation
epididymis
44
the epididymis is a ______ set of ______
coiled, tubules
45
the epidydmis terminates at the ____ _____
vas deferens
46
what is the role of the vas deferens?
to move sperm
47
the vas deferens spans from the epididymis to the _____ ______
posterior prostate
48
what 3 products are made by the prostate gland?
citric acid, seminalplasmin, PSA
49
citric acid is used for what?
food source for sperm
50
what is the role of seminalplasmin?
antibiotic agent
51
what is the role of PSA?
liquifying seminal fluid
52
what are the 3 products made by the seminal vesicle?
fructose, prostaglandins, bicarbonate
53
what is the role of fructose?
food source for sperm
54
what is the role of prostaglandins?
aide in cervical dilation
55
what is the role of bicarbonate?
neutralizes
56
what is produced by the bulbourethral gland?
sexual lubricant
57
the ____ is the thick muscular neck of the uterus
cervix
58
what are the 3 layers of the uterus?
perimetrium, myometrium (thick), and endometrium
59
what type of cells line the endometrium?
simple columnar
60
what are the 2 zones of the endometrium?
functional, basilar
61
what is the inner zone of the endometrium?
functional
62
what is the outer zone of the endometrium?
basilar
63
_____ are outer flaps on the uterine tube that bring the egg in
fimbriae
64
what does the right gonadal artery drain into?
inferior vena cava
65
what does the left gonadal artery drain into?
renal
66
what is the funnel like structure coming up from the fimbriae?
infundibulum
67
what is the swelling site of fertilization?
ampulla
68
what is the long connection "bridge" between the uterine tube and uterus?
isthmus
69
what is the round top of the uterus called?
fundus
70
what are the 3 divisions of the broad ligament?
mesometrium, mesosalpinx, mesovarium
71
the suspensory ligaments span from ____ to ____ _____
ovary, pelvic wall
72
what is contained by the suspensory ligaments?
ovarian arteries and veins
73
the ____ ligament spans from uterus to labia majora
round
74
the ____ ligament spans from ovary to uterus
ovarian
75
the ovarian ligament + the round ligament of the uterus combine to form the ___ __ _____
remnant of gubernaculum
76
____ is the process of diploid precursor cells becoming haploid gametes
gametogenesis
77
____ is the process of sperm production
spermatogenesis
78
spematogenesis occurs in the ___ ______
seminiferous tubules
79
spermatogenesis occurs at _____
puberty
80
spermiogenesis begins in the ___ ____ and is completed in the _____
seminiferous tubule, epididymis
81
what is the site on the sperm for ovum binding?
acrosome cap
82
____ cells produce androgens such as testosterone
interstitial (leydig)
83
_____ cells nourish the sperm and produce inhibin
sustentacular
84
FSH is sent to ___ cells
sustentacular
85
LH is sent to ____ cells
leydig
86
____ is the site of ovum production
ovary
87
females have all of their ___ ____ prior to birth
primary oocytes
88
secondary oocytes do not complete meiosis 2 until what?
fertilization
89
what is included in a primordial follicle?
primary oocyte, flat follicle cells
90
what is included in a primary follicle?
primary oocyte, cuboidal follicle cells
91
what is included in a secondary follicle?
primary oocyte, many layers of ganulosa cells, fluid filled space
92
what is the combination of many layers of granulosa cells and fluid filled space?
antrum
93
what is included in a tertiary follicle?
oocyte that has completed meiosis 1 (secondary), zona pellucida, antrum
94
during ____, the meiosis 1 completed cell is expelled and brought up by the uterine tubes
ovulation
95
___ ____ surrounds the oocyte after meiosis 1 is completed
zona pellicita
96
_____ _____ produces progesterone and some estrogen
corpus luteum
97
___ _____ are the scars of the surface of the ovary that remain after ovulation
corpus albicans
98
_____ is produced by follicle cells under control of FSH
estrogen
99
estrogen is responsible for ___ _____ characteristics
secondary sex
100
estrogen maintains functions of ____ _____
reproduction organs
101
______ is a hormone that stimulates bone and muscle growth
estrogen
102
progesterone is produced by the ___ ______
corpus luteum
103
____ is a hormone produced by the placenta
progesterone
104
progestrone maintains ______ ____ of the ____
secretory function, endometrium
105
at puberty, ______ produced stimulates the release of ___ and ____ from the pituitary gland
GnRH, FSH, LH
106
what phase: FSH and LH stimulate primordial follicles to mature into primary follicles, secondary follicles, and tertiary follicles
follicular phase
107
what phase: release of the secondary oocyte from a tertiary follicle
ovulation
108
what phase: progesterone and estrogen are produced to prepare the uterus
luteal
109
there is a spike in ____ prior to ovulation to trigger ovulation
LH
110
after ovulation, concentrations of ___ are higher than that of _____
LH, FSH
111
Prior to ovulation, concentrations of ____ are higher than that of ______
FSH, LH
112
____ levels increase as the follicle develops
estrogen
113
after ovulation, ____ levels decrease to be below _____
estrogen, progesterone
114
during the luteal phase, ______ levels decrease
progesterone
115
why do progesterone levels decrease during the luteal phase?
to prepare the uterus for implantation. If that does not occur, the cycle repeats again
116
describe the levels of gonadotropic hormone levels during the follicular phase
FSH levels are higher than LH, FSH drops prior to ovulation
117
describe the levels of ovarian hormones during the follicular phase
estrogen levels raise and remain higher than progesterone
118
describe the hormone levels at ovulation
spike in LH, small spike in FSH, spike in estrogen and then a decrease, progesterone starts to rise
119
describe the levels of gonadotropic levels during the luteal phase
LH remains constant and higher than FSH
120
describe the levels of ovarian hormones during the luteal phase
progesterone peaks and starts to decrease, estrogen is decreasing
121
the breast is split into ____ that contain the ___ _____
lobules, lactiferous ducts
122
____ is the hormone that causes milk production
prolactin
123
reproduction structures except for the gonads receive blood supply from the ___ ___ ____
internal iliac artery
124
the ovaries and testes receive blood supply from the ______ _______
abdominal aorta
125
the external genetalia receive blood supply from the ___ _____ ______ which is a branch off the internal iliac artery
internal pudendal artery
126
what innervates the somatic sensory stimulation?
pudendal nerve from S2-S4
127
what innervates the parasympathetics of erection?
pelvic splanchnic nerves from S2-S4
128
what innervates the sympathetics of ejaculation?
lumbar splanchnic nerves from L1-L2
129
sensory stimulation is ____
somatic
130
erection comes from _____
parasympathetics
131
ejaculation comes from ____
sympathetics
132
fertilization occurs after the ____ oocyte completes meiosis ____
secondary, 2
133
after fertilization, the zygote produces _____ which is the pregnancy hormone
hCG
134
after fertilization, chromatids pair to re-establish complete chromonsal complement and ____ to form _____
cleave, zygote
135
after fertilization, the ___ ____ continues to produce
corpus luteum, progesterone
136
the placenta starts producing progesterone after ____ months of pregnancy
3
137
the ____ is the site of fertilization
ampulla
138
mestration occurs when the ____ oocyte does not complete meiosis ____
secondary
139
the ___ ____ regresses if menstration occurs
corpus luteum
140
the ___ ____ is shed during menstration
uterine lining
141
the endometrium is lined with what type of cells?
simple columnar
142
the ___ zone of the endometrium is shed during menstration
functional
143
what is the marker of the start of the menses phase?
regression of the corpus luteum
144
the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle aligns with what phase(s) of the uterine cycle?
menstrual, proliferative
145
the ovulation phase of the ovarian cycle aligns with what phase(s) of the uterine cycle?
proliferative
146
the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle aligns with what phase(s) of the uterine cycle?
secretory
147
implantation occurs how long after ferlization?
1 week
148
implantation goes into the _____
endometrium
149
the placenta acts as what organs?
lungs, kidney, liver, intestines
150
the placenta develops from the ____ _and an ___-______ ______
endometrium, extra-embryonic tissue
151
the rate of birth defects peaks at what gestation duration?
5 weeks
152
____ _____ is improper blastycyst implantation and is fatal if left untreated
ectopic pregnancy
153
normal implatation site is close to the ____ of the uterus
body
154
____ is the pituitary hormone that stimulates cervical dilation and uterine contraction
oxytocin
155
the oxytocin cycle is a ____ feedback loop
positive
156
What cell undergoes mitosis in spermatogenesis?
primary spermatocyte
157
after meiosis 1 in spermatogenesis, the produce cells are _____
haploid
158
normal sperm are haploid or diploid?
haploid
159
secondary spermatocytes divide to become _____
spermatids
160
spermatid develop to become ____
sperm
161
during spermiogenesis, the spermatid sheds its _____ and the _____ elongates
cytoplasm, nucleus
162
ovum binding occurs on the ___ ____ of the sperm which is located at the nucleus/head
acrosome cap
163
before birth, oogonium are _____ cells
diploid
164
al ___ ____ are produced before birth in females
primary oocytes
165
primary oocytes arrest in _____ __ until puberty
meiosis 1
166
once the primary oocyte completes the first mitotic division, what is the product?
polar body, secondary oocyte
167
the secondary oocyte is a ____ cell
haploid
168
if the secondary oocyte is fertilized, it completes a second mitotic division and becomes an ____
ovum
169
if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, what occurs?
it degenerates
170
what is produced by the testis?
sperm, androgens
171
susintacular cells produce ____ when sperm levels are high
inhibin
172
inhibin blocks ____ secretion to regulate sperm production
FSH
173
the space surrounding the seminiferous tubules is called the ___ ____ and houses leydig cells
interstitial space
174
____ stimulates leydig cells to produce androgens such as _____
LH, testosterone
175
sperm develop ____ in the epididymis
motility (ability to move)
176
what is the purpose of seminal fluid?
is slightly alkaline to neutralize the acidic vagina
177
what does PSA stand for?
prostate-specific antigen
178
what type of product is PSA?
enzyme
179
what is the outermost layer of the uterus?
perimetrium
180
what is the thick middle layer of the uterus?
myometrium
181
what is the innermost layer of the uterus?
endometrium
182
what type of cell lines the endometrium?
simple columnar
183
what two ligaments of the female repro system makeup the remnant of gubernaculum?
ovarian, round
184
the round ligament travels through the deep and superficial ___ _____
inguinal rings
185
are spermatigonia haploid or diploid?
diploid
186
to produce sperm, spermatogonia first divide via ____
mitosis
187
what comes out of spermatogonia mitosis?
new germ cell, primary spermatocyte
188
a primary spermatocyte is haploid or diploid?
diploid
189
the primary spermatocyte undergos ______
meiosis
190
what is produced when a primary spermatocyte undergos meiosis?
two haploid secondary spermatocytes
191
secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis to become ______
spermatids
192
is a spermatid haploid or dipliod?
haploid
193
is a sperm haploid or diploid?
haploid
194
the ____ of the ovary contains the ovarian follicles
cortex
195
how many primordial follicles are present at puberty?
200,000
196
what is the role of the zona pellicuda?
protective structure
197
what is another term for teritairy follicle?
antral follicle
198
what is the name of the remnants of the follicle that expelled the secondary oocyte?
corpus luteum
199
what does the corpus luteum produce more of, estrogen or progesterone?
progesterone (pre gestation)
200
estrogen is mainly the produce of ____ cells under the control of FSH
follicular
201
what is the name of female primordial germ cells?
oogonia
202
are oogonia haploid or diploid?
diploid
203
the corpus luteum has a life span of _____ to ____ days if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized
10, 13
204
what does hCG do?
acts on the corpus luteum to let it know that implantation has occured and that it should continue producing progesterone
205
how many days in the typically menstral phase?
days 1-5
206
the ____ is the precursor to the embryo
embryoblast
207
what are the 3 identifiers of preeclampsia?
hypertension, swelling of hands and feet, protein in urine
208
what two parts of delivery are stimulated by oxytocin?
cervical dilation, uterine contraction
209
what occurs during the second stage of labor?
increasing uterine contractions lead to delivery of baby via vaginal canal
210
what occurs during the third stage of labor?
uterine contractions continue leading to delivery of the placenta and shrinking of the uterus
