Urinary 3 Flashcards
Name the organism that causes leptospirosis.
Leptospirosis is caused by the spirochete bacterium Leptospira interrogans.
Which two serovars of Leptospira interrogans most commonly infect dogs?
(1) Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola. (2) Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae.
What specific type of nephritis is associated with leptospirosis?
Tubulointerstitial nephritis / Interstitial nephritis (both terms OK).
Approximately how many serovars of Leptospira interrogans are known?
~200.
Which species are affected by leptospirosis?
Domestic & wild animals and humans all susceptible to infection.
How is leptospirosis transmitted between animals?
Leptospires shed in urine of infected animal –> infect new animal via breaches in mucous membranes.
Where do leptospiral organisms preferentially localize?
In renal tubular epithelial cells.
Delayed hypersensitivity to leptospira antigens may be associated with which ocular condition in horses?
Equine recurrent uveitis (“moon blindness” or periodic ophthalmia).
Which organism most commonly causes “white spotted kidney” in calves?
E. coli.
“White spotted kidney” in calves is most commonly caused by E. coli. How does it reach the kidney, and what is the characteristic gross lesion of this disease?
(1) By embolic showering of the kidney. (2) Numerous pale-yellow to white 2 to 5-mm diameter nodules (foci of inflammatory cells) are scattered randomly throughout and over the surface of the kidney.
“White spotted kidney” in calves is most commonly caused by E. coli. What are two other bacterial genera that may cause this disease?
Brucella and Salmonella.
Which types of inflammatory cells form renal nodules in “white-spotted kidney” disease of calves?
Lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages.
What is the most common cause by far of granulomatous nephritis in cats?
Mutant feline enteric coronavirus (feline infectious peritonitis is OK as an answer too).
Describe the characteristic appearance of the kidney of a cat that has died of FIP.
Numerous randomly scattered to coalescing white to gray plaques (granulomas) cover the renal capsule and extend into the cortex. Often lesions on the capsular surface follow along blood vessels.
What does “FIP” stand for?
Feline infectious peritonitis.
What causes FIP?
Mutant feline enteric coronavirus.
What is the key histologic lesion caused by FIP?
Granulomatous vasculitis.
Which types of cells comprise the inflammatory infiltrates in granulomatous inflammation?
Macrophages mainly, although lymphocytes and plasma cells are also present.
Any bacterial species that can produce a bacteremia may shower the kidney causing an embolic nephritis. However, certain bacterial species are typically responsible in different species of animal. I have only asked you to memorize two bacterial species, both of which shower the kidneys to produce hundreds of randomly scattered, predominantly cortical, white nodules. What are these two bacterial species, and which domestic animal species do they affect?
(1) E. coli in calves. (2) Actinobacillus equuli in foals.
What is the correct term for inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney?
Pyelonephritis (NOT pyonephritis). PyELo, not Pyo!
How do cases of pyelonephritis typically begin?
Pyelonephritis usually begins as an ascending bacterial infection of the urinary tract. Ascending infections typically result from a combination of urinary bladder infection, vesicoureteral reflux, and intrarenal reflux.
What are the two most common bacterial causes of pyelonephritis in cattle?
(1) Corynebacterium renale. (2) Arcanobacterium pyogenes*. [Note that Arcanobacterium pyogenes recently changed name to Trueperella pyogenes. Most textbooks still use the old name and you need to know it.]
Why are females more prone than males to development of pyelonephritis?
Females’ shorter urethras predispose to bacterial infection of the lower urinary tract.
Describe the characteristic gross lesions of pyelonephritis.
The renal pelvis contains suppurative exudate and the inner medulla is damaged. This damage may radiate into the outer medulla and cortex.
What is the term for complete failure of a kidney to develop?
Renal aplasia.
What is the term for the condition in which fewer nephrons than normal develop in a kidney?
Renal hypoplasia.
Ectopic kidneys are typically structurally and functionally normal. Nevertheless, they may be associated with urinary tract disease. Why?
They frequently have malpositioned ureters, which can cause urinary tract disease.
What is the lay-term for kidneys in which the left and right cranial poles are fused?
“Horseshoe kidneys”.
Explain, in broad histologic terms, the difference between renal hypoplasia and renal dysplasia.
(1) Renal hypoplasia: fewer nephrons than normal are present in one or both kidneys. (2) Renal dysplasia: The microscopic architecture of the kidney is not correctly developed.