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Systemic Path > Resp 3 > Flashcards

Resp 3 Flashcards

1
Q

BRDC

A

bovine respiratory disease complex

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2
Q

2 hit theory of BRDC

A

presumed that the animal is hit first with a viral infection which causes damage to the upper respiratory defences, allowing opportunistic infection of the upper and lower respiratory tract with normal resident respiratory bacteria

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3
Q

examples of viral infection BRDC

A

BRSV - bovine respiratory syncytial virus
PI-3 - parainfluenza virus -3
IBR - infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/bovineherpes virus 1

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4
Q

examples of bacterial infection BRDC

A

mannheima haemolytica - most common
Pasteurella multicoda
histophilus somni
mycoplasma bovis

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5
Q

BRDC is caused by

A

a mix of environmental factors, host factors, and pathogens

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6
Q

what is enzootic pneumonia of calves

A

due to combination of factors (environment, host, pathogens)
MULTIFACTORIAL

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7
Q

in enzootic pneumonia of calves, what kind of pneumonia do you see?

A

bronchopneumonia

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8
Q

BRSV infection impairs

A

the function of alveolar macrophages, which then allows for opportunistic secondary bacterial infections

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9
Q

which viral infection causes a biphasic clinical course in cattle?

A

BRSV

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10
Q

on histological examination, BRSV causes what kind of pneumonia

A

bronchointerstitial pneumonia (inflammation centered on airways AND the alveoli)

grossly, lungs look like bronchopneumonia (Cranioventral areas red colour due to atelectasis and rubbery texture)

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11
Q

what kind of pneumonia does mannheimia haemolytica cause

A

bronchopneumonia

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12
Q

mannheimia haemolytica gross lesions

A

classic cranioventral bronchopneumonia (often with abundant fibrin) (fibrinous bronchopneumonia)

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13
Q

on cut sections of lungs infected with mannheimia , you can often see

A

well-demarcated areas of coagulative necrosis

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14
Q

on histology, a characteristic feature of mannheimia pneumonia is the presence of

A

“oat cells” - mannheimia haemolytica produces a leukotoxin that causes neutrophils to lyse (fall apart), forming streams of nuclear material from the neutrophils that apparently looks similar to oats on histology

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15
Q

pasteurella multicoda is also a commensal bacteria of the nasopharynx, and requires ________________ to cause disease

A

some predisposing factor

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16
Q

gross lesions - pneumonic pausteurellosis

A

similar to classic shipping fever appearance of bronchopneumonia - cranioventral distribution of dark, red, firm, consolidated lung lobes

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17
Q

can you grossly distinguish between M. haemolytica, H. somni, and P. Multicoda?

A

no - need culture
all 3 commonly cause fibrinous bronchopneumonia

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18
Q

infection with Histophilus somni can cause several conditions, although

A

only one condition is usually present in any one animal

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19
Q

conditions histophilus somni can cause

A

bronchopneumonia and pleuritis are most important
pericarditis
polyarthritis
thromboembolic meningioencephalitis

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20
Q

mycoplasma bacteria lack a

A

cell wall

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21
Q

mycoplasmas have a variable growth rate, but most of the pathogenic mycoplasmas are

A

slow growing (often hard to culture, so send for PCR instead)

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22
Q

mycoplasma adhere to

A

ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract

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23
Q

after adhering to the cilia, mycoplasma cause

A

cilliostasis - stops cilia from moving, so mucociliary apparatus stops working

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24
Q

mycoplasma bacteria are commonly

A

resistant to antibiotics :(

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25
Q

in cattle, the most important mycoplasma species in Canada is

A

mycoplasma bovis

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26
Q

mycoplasma bovis causes several disease syndromes

A

pneumonia
polyarthritis - 50% of cases
otitis media - unilateral or bilateral (droopy ears, circling/head tilts)
mastitis

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27
Q

mycoplasma pneumonia appearance

A

causes caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia with cranioventral consolidation, and multifocal raised white, sharply demarcated, friable white foci of caseous necrosis
- nodules in lungs are 2-10 mm

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28
Q

mycoplasma bovis causes particularly severe disease in

A

farmed bison

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29
Q

mycoplasma bacteria are gram positive but dont stain with gram stain due to their high lipid content - use what instead?

A

acid fast stain

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30
Q

the gross lesions of respiratory tuberculosis is the

A

tubercle - a nodular granuloma that is often mineralized

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31
Q

on histology, there are 3 characteristic features of a tubercle

A

central necrosis - often mineralized
small numbers of acid fast bacteria free within centre of within macrophages
rim of epithelial macrophages and multinucleated giant cells

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32
Q

3 big important mycobacterial diseases to be aware of in vet med?

A

tuberculosis (M. bovis or M. tuberculosis)
Johne’s disease (M. avium)
leprosy (M. lepraemurium and others)

33
Q

tuberculosis causes what kind of pneumonia

A

granulomatous pneumonia
(includes disease caused by mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium tuberculosis)

34
Q

are both types of tuberculosis zoonotic?

A

yes! M. bovis is much lower zoonotic risk than M. tuberculosis

35
Q

is mycobacteria bovis federally reportable?

A

YES to CFIA! Diagnosis of this disease would have trade implications and would initiate a CFIA disease outbreak investigation

36
Q

acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema (aka fog fever) is caused by

A

3-methylindole toxicity

37
Q

acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema classically occurs in

A

the fall, about 4-10 days after the animals are moved from dry to lush pastures

38
Q

are young nursing ruminants affected by acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema?

A

no - they don’t yet have the rumen bacteria that convert L-tryptophan to 3-methylindole

39
Q

Dictyocaulus viviparus (lungworm) causes which kind of pneumonia?

A

granulomatous

40
Q

in general, the most common bacterial causes of pneumonia in small ruminants are

A

the same ones as discussed for cattle

41
Q

parasitic pneumonia in small ruminants is caused by

A

Muellerius capillaris (nematode)

42
Q

Ovine progressive pleuropneumonia (OPP) is also called

A

maedi visna virus (virus more common in sheep than goats)

43
Q

gross pulmonary lesions of OPP or maedi visna virus are

A

heavy, pale lungs that fail collapse
caudal lobes most severely affected
rubbery texture on palpation

44
Q

ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma - also called

A

jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus

45
Q

porcine respiratory disease complex - what is it

A

similar to shipping fever in feedlot cattle or enzootic pneumonia of dairy calves, involves pneumonia that develops as a result of complex web of environmental, host, and pathogen factors

46
Q

porcine resp disease complex - is there a 2 hit theory

A

yaaaaa - 1st viral infection then bacterial

47
Q

viral pathogens involved in porcine resp disease complex?

A

porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS)
postweaning multi systemic wasting syndrome (porcine circovirus 2)
swine influenza virus

48
Q

most common bacteria in porcine resp disease complex?

A

mycoplasma hypneumoniae
actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
pasteurella multicoda

49
Q

porcine bronchopneumonia - actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) - also known as

A

contagious pleuropneumonia

50
Q

gross lesions of actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP)

A

distribution of this pneumonia is unique - often affecting the middle or caudal lung lobes and lesions can be unilateral or bilateral

51
Q

gross respiratory lesions of PRRS virus?

A

lungs fail to collapse, there are rib impressions, and a firm texture on palpation, and there may be patchy discolouration

52
Q

Swine have cell surface receptors for which influenza strains?

A

avian, human, and swine influenza strains

53
Q

the gross necropsy lesions associated with swine influenza include:

A

cranioventral lobular distribution of atelectasis (bronchopneumonia)
often large oedematous lymph nodes

54
Q

recurrent airway obstruction - RAO also known as

A

heaves or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

55
Q

RAO can cause _________ airway obstruction due to bronchospasm

A

reversible

56
Q

is RAO similar to feline asthma

A

ya

57
Q

RAO targets

A

small bronchioles and caudodorsal lung

58
Q

rhodococcus equi causes ____________ pneumonia

A

bronchopneumonia

59
Q

rhodococcus equi is a common cause of pneumonia in what age horse

A

1-6 month old foals

60
Q

gross pulmonary lesion of rhodococcus equi is

A

pyogranulmatous bronchopneumonia, with 1-10cm diameter, tan, firm, raised coalescing nodules

61
Q

do dogs have their own version of a resp disease complex.

A

YES - canine infectious respiratory disease complex, or CIRD, also known as kennel cough

62
Q

common viral pathogens associated with CIRD include

A

canine parainfluenza virus
canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2)
canine herpes virus 1 (CHV-1)

63
Q

common bacterial pathogens associated with CIRD

A

bordetella bronchiseptica

64
Q

canine distemper virus - systems it affects

A

respiratory
GI
CNS

65
Q

resp system gross lesions of distemper

A

in lung, patchy to diffuse, red to tan rubbery lesions below pleura at lung margins, and a diffuse, interstitial pneumonia

serous catarrhal or mucopurulent exudate of nasopharynx

66
Q

dogs generally develop bacterial pneumonia when the

A

pulmonary defences have been impaired

67
Q

bordetella bronchoseptica is an important component of the canine infectious respiratory disease complex and is commonly found with

A

mixed pathogen infections of upper respiratory tract of dogs
- bacteria adhere to cilia

68
Q

big 4 systemic mycoses to remember are:

A

blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidiodes immitus
Cryptococcus neoformans
Histoplasma capsulatum

69
Q

are all 4 of the big 4 fungi capable of infecting humans + dogs & cats?

A

yes

70
Q

big 4 fungi are dimorphic - means the organism exists as both yeast (in tissue) and hyphal/mold in environment forms. Which form is infectious>?

A

only the hyphal/mold form is infectious

71
Q

is it safe to send big 4 fungi for culture?

A

NO!!! ZOONOTIC !!!

72
Q

What is the most important common systemic mycotic disease of cats?

A

cryptococcus neoformans

73
Q

histoplasmosis organisms found within

A

macrophages (intracellular)

74
Q

clinical signs of heart worm infection are due to

A

pulmonary hypertension caused by vascular sclerosis (increased fibrosis in the walls of blood vessels) due to the presence of adult worms in the arteries

75
Q

what is a common respiratory condition diagnosed in cats?

A

feline asthma

76
Q

asthma is defined by the presence of

A

reversible airway obstruction (due to bronchoconstriction with inflammation similar to RAO in horses

77
Q

just like dogs, cats can develop bacterial bronchopneumonia when pulmonary defences are

A

impaired

78
Q
A

Systemic Path (19 decks)

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