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Nervous 1 (PNS) Flashcards

1
Q

From which cells does the peripheral nervous system originate embryologically?

A

Neural crest cells (aka neural plate transition zone)

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2
Q

True or False: Myelination of nerves in the peripheral nervous system is done by oligodendrocytes

A

False

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3
Q

True or False: The PNS has no ability to regenerate

A

False

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4
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration?

A

A process that results when a nerve fibre is cut or crushed, in which the part of the axon separated from the neuron’s cell body degenerates distal to the injury.

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5
Q

What are three common examples of PNS trauma? What causes each of these?

A
  1. Brachial plexus avulsion (Horner’s syndrome)
  2. Facial nerve paralysis in horses (halters worn during anesthesia, skull fracture, guttural pouch infection)
  3. Calving paralysis (calf is too big for pelvic inlet and it damages their sciatic nerve)
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6
Q

Which side of the horse’s face has facial nerve paralysis in this picture?

A

Right side (the horse’s right)

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7
Q

What is ‘roarer’s’?

A

A recurrent laryngeal neuropathy seen in horses

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8
Q

What is roarer’s syndrome also called?

A

Equine laryngeal hemiplegia (meaning half-paralysis)

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9
Q

Which horse breeds are more likely to be roarers?

A

Tall, large breeds (thoroughbreds and drafts)

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10
Q

Which side of the larynx is usually more commonly affected in roarers?

A

Left side of the larynx

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11
Q

In roarers there is a loud noise upon ____________

A

Inspiration

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12
Q

What do you see histologically with roarer’s syndrome (two)?

A
  1. Wallerian degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
  2. Neurogenic muscle atrophy
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13
Q

What are some causes of roarer’s syndrome (four)?

A
  • Direct trauma to the nerve
  • Extension of inflammation from guttural pouch
  • Toxins
  • Genetics
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14
Q

What colour of parent horses produce white foals?

A

Parents with overo markings (dark coloring along the back from the withers to tail)

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15
Q

What is lethal white foal syndrome also called?

A

Colonic agangliosis

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16
Q

In which horse breeds do we commonly see lethal white foal syndrome?

A

American paint horses

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17
Q

What main clinical sign do you see in foals with lethal white foal syndrome?

A

Functional obstruction of the GIT (foals will die within a few days of birth)

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18
Q

What do you see histologically with lethal white foal syndrome?

A

A lack of myenteric and submucosal ganglia (agangliosis)

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19
Q

What GI condition looks similar to colonic agangliosis?

A

Atresia coli

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20
Q

What age of camelids are most commonly affected with camelid diaphragmatic paralysis?

A

Young llamas and alpacas (< 1 year)

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21
Q

What is an important differential to consider with camelid diaphragmatic paralysis?

A

Choanal atresia

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22
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

An autoimmune neuromuscular disease where immune-mediated antibodies are made against acetylcholine receptors

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23
Q

Myasthenia gravis is more common in which species?

A

Dogs (although cats can get it too)

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24
Q

Is myasthenia gravis usually inherited or acquired?

A

Acquired (it can be congenital but it’s much less common)

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25
Some cases of myasthenia gravis are linked to _____________ abnormalities
Thymic
26
What are the three forms of acquired myasthenia gravis?
1. Generalized (weakness of appendicular muscle and megaesophagus) 2. Localized (face, esophagus, and pharyngeal muscles affected) 3. Fulminating (rapidly developing and sustained)
27
Which form of acquired myasthenia gravis is the only one cats can get?
Generalized form (Abyssinians)
28
What type of paralysis is seen with myasthenia gravis?
Flaccid paralysis
29
What would you likely see at necropsy for myasthenia gravis (three)?
Megaesophagus, thymoma, or hypothyroidism
30
What is cauda equina syndrome?
The compression of a collection of nerve roots called the cauda equina.
31
What species are affected by cauda equina syndrome?
Dogs and horses
32
What clinical signs do we see with cauda equina syndrome (four)?
- Hypotonia (decreased sensation of the tail, anus and perineum) - Bladder paresis with sabulous cystitis - Fecal retention and colic - Rear limb weakness and atrophy
33
What do you see histologically with cauda equina syndrome?
Nodular granulomatous inflammation including multinucleated giant cells with fibrosis and demyelination
34
What is sabulous cystitis?
Accumulation of crystalloid sediment in the ventral aspect of the bladder (can occur due to cauda equina syndrome)
35
What is coonhound paralysis?
The sudden inflammation of multiple nerve roots and peripheral nerves in dogs
36
What causes coonhound paralysis?
It is thought to be caused by an immune reaction to raccoon saliva
37
What is coonhound paralysis otherwise known as?
Acute polyradiculoneuritis
38
What type of paralysis is seen with coonhound paralysis?
Ascending flaccid paralysis
39
What is the target site for coonhound paralysis?
It targets ventral spinal nerve roots and their associated peripheral nerves
40
What is a differential diagnosis for coonhound paralysis?
Rabies
41
What major symptom does Vitamin A deficiency cause?
Defective remodelling of membranous bone
42
Which clinical signs are seen with a Vitamin A deficiency in dogs, calves, and pigs?
Dogs: Deafness Calves and pigs: Blindness
43
What does Vitamin A deficiency cause in birds?
Blunted choanal papillae
44
What does Vitamin B deficiency (riboflavin) cause in birds?
Curled-toe paralysis
45
What type of paralysis is seen with botulism?
Ascending flaccid paralysis
46
What clinical signs do you see in cows with botulism?
Loss of tongue tone in a downed cow
47
Botulism is caused by which type of bacteria?
Clostridium botulinum
48
What some characteristics of Clostridium botulinum (four)?
- Gram positive - Spore forming - Rod shaped - Anaerobic
49
How can foals get botulism?
They ingest the bacteria (likely through contaminated feed) and the bacteria gets in through a gastric ulcer
50
How can adult horses get botulism?
Adults may ingest it (feed contaminated with the toxin) or less commonly they can get wound infection
51
What is the pathogenesis of botulism?
1. The toxin enters the blood then moves to the neuromuscular junction 2. Moves into presynaptic junction and prevents release of acetylcholine
52
Outbreaks of botulism in wild ducks occur in which two seasons?
Summer and spring
53
True or False: Botulism is easy to diagnose
False, it is very difficult.
54
What can you see grossly on a horse necropsy to diagnose botulism?
Nuchal ligament edema
55
What are the clinical signs of tetanus (five)?
- Hyperesthesia (excessive sensitivity) - Prolapse of third eyelid - Sawhorse stance - Seizures - Uncontrolled motor nerve stimulation
56
When do you most commonly see tetanus?
Post-castration in horses
57
What bacterial agent causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
58
What type of paralysis is seen with tetanus?
Spastic paralysis
59
What are the characteristics of Clostridium tetani (four)?
- Gram positive - Spore forming - Rod shaped - Anaerobic
60
What is the pathogenesis of tetanus?
1. The toxin binds at the neuromuscular junction or sensory nerve 2. Moves to CNS by retrograde axoplasmic flow where it blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters
61
How do animals contract tetanus?
A wound gets contaminated by Clostridium tetani
62
True or False: Tetanus is easy to diagnose
False, it is very difficult.
63
What is a differential diagnosis for tetanus?
Strychnine toxicity
64
What are three major differences between botulism and tetanus?
- Tetanus doesn't enter the blood (botulism does) - Tetanus is contracted through a contaminated wound and botulism is contracted mostly through ingesting contaminated feed - Tetanus causes spastic paralysis (botulism causes flaccid paralysis)
65
What is equine grass sickness also called?
Equine dysautonomia (problem of the ANS)
66
True or False: In equine grass sickness you don't see any gross lesions
True. You only really see histological lesions.
67
What do you see histologically with equine grass sickness?
Lesions in the autonomic and enteric ganglia
68
What is stringhalt?
A type of neuromuscular gait abnormality of the pelvic limb in horses
69
What are the clinical signs of stringhalt?
Exaggerated rapid flexion of one or both hindlimbs
70
What is shivers?
A type of neuromuscular gait lameness of the pelvic limb
71
What are the two main differences between stringhalt and shivers?
1. Stringhalt is seen going backwards and forwards whereas shivers is only seen going backwards 2. Stringhalt is visible at a walk and a trot whereas shivers is only see at a walk
72
Which is more common in tall horses, shivers or stringhalt?
Shivers
73
Shivers is caused by an abnormality in the ___________
Cerebellum
74
What can all PNS tumours be classified as (two)?
Peripheral nerve sheath tumors or nerve sheath tumors
75
What are the two main categories of PNS tumours?
1. Tumors that arise from grossly discernible nerves 2. Tumors that arise in the skin and subcutis
76
PNS tumors that arise in the skin and subcutis fall under what category?
Soft tissue sarcomas
77
What is the most common location for a PNS tumor?
Spinal nerves (brachial plexus), especially in dogs.
78
What are the cells of origin for PNS tumors?
Schwann cells (cells that produce myelin)
79
What are tumors of the schwann cells called?
Schwannomas
80
PNS tumors are most common in which two species?
Dogs and cattle
81
Where do malignant PNST (peripheral nerve sheath tumors) usually occur on the body?
They occur close to spine or cranial nerves
82
True or False: Metastasis with peripheral nerve sheath tumors is rare
False. They are aggressive and can metastasize
83
What is the tasmanian devil facial tumor?
An infectious facial tumor in tasmanian devils (not caused by a virus)
84
What are the cells of origin for the tasmanian devil facial tumor?
Schwann cells

Systemic Path (35 decks)

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