Reproductive 2 (Female) Flashcards by Nicole Berdusco

What is a persistent hymen?

Where the paramesonephric duct has failed to make a proper connection to the urogenital sinus (mostly incidental and doesn’t have effect on fertility)

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What is segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric duct? Where can this occur?

A developmental disorder where parts of the paramesonephric duct fail to form. It can happen anywhere along the duct.

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What is uterus didelphys?

A failure of the paramesonephric ducts to fuse, resulting in duplication of the cervix and uterine body.

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What are two main general diseases of the ovary?

Cysts in and around the ovary (periovarian/paraovarian, intraovarian)
Neoplasia (epithelial, germ cell, sex cord stromal)

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What is unique about the canine ovary?

Dogs have subsurface epithelial structures (SES) (unique epithelial structures in the capsule of the ovary).

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What is unique about the equine ovary?

It is heart shaped, has an ovulation fossa, and very large follicles.

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What are periovarian/paraovarian cysts?

Cystic remnants of the paramesonephric or mesonephric ducts that are external to the ovary.

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What species are affected by periovarian/paraovarian cysts?

This occurs in any species but most common in mares.

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What are epithelial inclusion cysts?

A type of intraovarian cyst located around the ovulation fossa that look like large follicles (but don’t appear/disappear).

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How are epithelial inclusion cysts created? What effects do these cysts have?

The surface epithelium is pinched off during ovulation and embedded in stroma which accumulates fluid. This does affect ovulation and fertility.

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What is cystic rete ovarii?

A type of intraovarian cyst. The rete ovarii is the ovarian remnant of the regressed mesonephric tubules (which would have normally contributed to the male ‘plumbing’). Usually incidental.

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What species are affected by cystic rete ovarii?

Dogs, cats, and guinea pigs.

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What is a major differential diagnosis of cystic rete ovarii?

Cystic ovarian neoplasm.

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What is the medical term for inflammation of the ovary?

Oophoritis.

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True or False: Oophoritis is common in domestic animals

False, it is rare.

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What are follicular cysts/cystic follicles? When do they occur?

Cysts that are larger than normal follicles that arise when ovulation of a normal follicle does not occur.

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What species get cystic ovarian follicles more commonly?

Dairy cows and sows.

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How can you differentiate cystic follicles from tertiary follicles?

Size (follicles are > 2.5 cm in diameter)
Persistence (persist for > 10 days)
Changes in estrus cycle (nymphomania, anestrus, or failure of pre-ovulatory LH surge).

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Which types of cysts are intraovarian and which are periovarian/paraovarian?

Periovarian/paraovarian: Cystic remnants of paramesonephric ducts (most common in mare)
Intraovarian: Epithelial inclusion cysts, Cystic rete ovarii, Cystic ovarian follicles/follicular cysts.

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What are the three categories of ovarian tumours? Name an example of each.

Germ cell neoplasms (teratomas)
Sex cord stromal neoplasms (granulosa cell tumors)
Epithelial neoplasms (ovarian carcinomas).

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Which ovarian tumors are the most common in large animals?

Granulosa cell tumors (sex cord stromal neoplasms).

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True or False: Metastasis to the ovary is rare

True.

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What is a teratoma?

A rare and usually benign mass that contains hair, bone, cartilage and/or teeth (germ cell neoplasm).

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A teratoma usually differentiates to at least _______ germ layers.

2 of 3 (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).

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True or False: Teratomas also occur in the testes

True.

What are granulosa cell tumours? What do they look like grossly?

A type of sex cord stromal neoplasm common in large animals. It is a unilateral, large (>30 cm), smooth, round ovarian mass.

What do you see on section with a granulosa cell tumour?

You see solid and cystic areas with cysts containing red-brown fluid.

What does an ovarian carcinoma look like grossly? What is the cause of this?

The ovary is enlarged with papillary projections producing a shaggy appearance. The cause is unknown.

What species is ovarian carcinoma most common in?

Dogs (remember they have SES's).

Ovarian carcinoma is ___________ and ____________.

Multifocal and bilateral.

What is the behaviour of ovarian carcinoma?

These neoplasms 'seed' the abdomen (transcoelomic spread) and produce carcinomatosis (cancer that spreads to the abdominal cavity).

What is the term for inflammation of the uterine tube?

Salpingitis.

What is the term for a pus-filled uterine tube?

Pyosalpinx.

What is the term for distension of the uterine tube with clear, watery fluid?

Hydrosalpinx.

What are the two categories of uterine lesions? Name some examples for each.

1. Non-inflammatory lesions (CEH, mucometra, hydrometra, uterine prolapse, SIPS) 2. Inflammatory lesions (endometritis, metritis, pyometra).

What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)?

An important lesion in the bitch, queen, and ewe where the endometrial glands become cystic and distended (think bubble wrap in the endometrium).

What is CEH a common response of? Why?

Diestrus. The influence of progesterone primes the endometrium so that inflammation stimulates hyperplasia.

CEH has a strong association with ______________?

Uterine infection (called cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra syndrome).

What is hydrometra a consequence of?

1. Endometrial hyperplasia 2. Obstruction of the uterus, cervix, or vagina.

What is the difference between hydrometra and mucometra?

The only difference is the physical properties of the fluid (hydro is thin and watery, mucoid is mucousy).

What three things cause uterine prolapse in cows and sows?

1. Dystocia 2. Retained placenta 3. Post-parturient hypocalcemia.

What is SIPS?

Subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS) is a condition in the dog where placental sites and trophoblasts do not regress after puppies are born (normally sites should regress or 'involute' by 12-15 weeks but in SIPS, they 'subinvolute' instead).

True or False: SIPS is unique to dogs

True.

What are the four routes of infection to the uterus?

1. Ascending infection through the cervix 2. Hematogenous (especially during pregnancy) 3. Descending infection along uterine tube 4. Direct penetration of a foreign body.

When is the uterus most vulnerable to infection?

1. When under progesterone influence (pregnancy and diestrus) 2. When the cervix is open (estrus, parturition, and postpartum).

Rank these in order of most severe to least severe: endometritis, pyometra, metritis.

1. Pyometra 2. Metritis 3. Endometritis.

What is the most important uterine lesion in cows?

Postpartum endometritis/metritis.

What clinical signs are seen with pyometra in dogs?

1. Immune-complex glomeronephritis 2. PUPD (due to endotoxin interfering with action ADH) 3. Vaginal discharge.

When does pyometra usually occur in dogs?

4-6 weeks after estrus.

True or False: Inflammation following insemination is normal and should resolve

True. If it does not resolve, then that is abnormal.

What are the two main diseases of the vagina and vulva?

1. Vulvar swelling 2. Genital herpesvirus infections (vulvovaginitis).

When is vulvar swelling (vulva hypertrophy and edema) normal?

During estrus.

If vulvar swelling is occurring outside of estrus, what is the likely cause?

Hyperestrogenism secondary to mycotoxicosis (pig eats a mycotoxin like zearalenone).

What are the five neoplasms of the tubular genitalia?

1. Smooth muscle tumors 2. Lymphoma in cattle 3. Uterine carcinoma 4. Transmissible venereal tumor 5. Squamous cell carcinoma.

What is the most common tumor in the dog? Name two examples.

Smooth muscle tumors (ex. leiomyoma or leiomyosarcoma).

What are smooth muscle reproductive tumors? What is their behavior?

A tumor in the smooth muscle wall of uterus, cervix and vagina with a benign behaviour that is hormonally dependent.

What species is most affected by uterine carcinoma?

Cattle.

What does uterine carcinoma look like grossly?

It is defined by a marked scirrhous reaction (makes the neoplasm firm and causes local constriction bands on the serosal surface).

What is the most common neoplasm of rabbits?

Uterine adenocarcinoma.

Enzootic bovine lymphoma is caused by which virus?

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV).

What are the common sites for bovine lymphoma?

- Lymph nodes - Heart - Abomasum - Uterus.

What is vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) caused by?

1. UV exposure 2. Equine papilloma virus (EPV-2).

What species are affected by vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?

Cows, ewes, mares.

What is the most common route of bacterial mastitis?

Ascending infection along the papillary duct.

The bacteria that generally cause mastitis fall into which three categories?

1. Obligate mammary pathogens (ex. Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma species) 2. Environmental contaminants (ex. E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) 3. Overlap of both.

What is severe necrotizing (gangrenous) mastitis? What can this cause?

A more severe form of mastitis that can cause concurrent systemic signs from profound toxemia (fever, anorexia, leukopenia).

What bacterial agents cause severe necrotizing (gangrenous) mastitis?

Coliforms and S. aureus.

What is a main gross characteristic of severe necrotizing (gangrenous) mastitis?

Well-demarcated zones.

What is suppurative mastitis? What causes this?

A less-virulent form of mastitis characterized by pus-forming gram positive bacteria.

Which bacterial agents cause suppurative mastitis?

S. aureus, S. dysgalactiae, T. pyogenes.

What is a main gross characteristic of suppurative mastitis?

The lactiferous ducts and sinus fill with suppurative exudate.

What route is Mycoplasma mastitis spread by?

Hematogenous or ascending infection.

True or False: The majority of mammary tumours in dogs are clinically benign

True.

How can you reduce the risk of a mammary tumour in a dog?

Spay them! The risk is greatly reduced by an OHE.

What is fibroadenomatous hyperplasia in cats?

A progesterone-driven tumor that may resolve spontaneously or be cured by spaying.

What age of cat is fibroadenomatous hyperplasia associated with?

Young intact female cats (<2 years).

What are mammary neoplasias in cats? Do these commonly metastasize?

A single, often ulcerated mass where the vast majority are malignant (adenocarcinoma) with metastasis to the lungs.

What age of cat are mammary neoplasias associated with?

Older cats (average 11 years).

What is the likely diagnosis and prognosis for a one year old intact female cat with a mammary mass?

Likely fibroadenomatous hyperplasia with a good chance of survival.

What is the likely diagnosis and prognosis for a 10 year old spayed female cat with a mammary mass?

Likely a mammary neoplasia which is very bad news.