Cardio 4 Flashcards
What does the term vasculitis mean?
Inflammation of a blood vessel of any type (arterial or venous system)
What is the general term for inflammation of a blood vessel?
Vasculitis
What is the key difference between a vasculitis and a blood vessel that is full of, and surrounded by, inflammatory cells?
When tissues are inflamed white blood cells arrive via, and then exit and surround, the blood vessels supplying that site. This is NOT a vasculitis. This is just inflammation. To count as vasculitis, the white blood cells must target and damage the wall of the vessel itself.
Which is true:
(a) vasculitis has a narrow range of causes and all are infectious
(b) vasculitis has a broad variety of infectious, non-infectious and idiopathic causes
(b) vasculitis has a broad variety of infectious, non-infectious and idiopathic causes
What is the key lesion resulting from vasculitis?
Hemorrhage
The key lesion of vasculitis is widespread hemorrhage, which may be subdivided based on size. What are the dimensions of (a) ecchymotic, (b) petechial and (c) suffusive hemorrhage?
(a) ecchymotic means 2-10 mm diameter; (b) petechial means 1-2 mm diameter; (c) suffusive means extensive or diffuse
Name two vessel-based sequelae of vasculitis other than hemorrhage.
- Thrombosis (which may lead to thromboembolism, infarction and ischemia); 2. DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
What is the term for arterial loss of elasticity and luminal narrowing resulting from proliferative and degenerative (rather than inflammatory) changes of the arterial wall?
Arteriosclerosis?
What is the meaning of the term arteriosclerosis?
Arterial loss of elasticity and luminal narrowing resulting from proliferative and degenerative (rather than inflammatory) changes of the arterial wall
Arteriosclerosis is a common, age-related change most commonly seen in which domestic species?
Dogs
True or false? Arteriosclerosis is a common, cause of myocardial infarction in dogs.
False. Arteriosclerosis is common in dogs (most commonly in the abdominal aorta) but rarely causes clinical signs.
What is the term for lesions of arteriosclerosis in which degenerative fatty changes also occur?
Atherosclerosis
Which is true:
(a) Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis
(b) Arteriosclerosis is a form of atherosclerosis
(a) Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis. ARTERIOsclerosis is arterial loss of elasticity and luminal narrowing resulting from proliferative and degenerative (rather than inflammatory) changes of the arterial wall. If this degeneration also involves the formation of fatty plaques then this is ATHEROsclerosis.
Which is/are true:
(a) In domestic animals, arteriosclerosis is common, but of little clinical importance, and atherosclerosis is rare
(b) In domestic animals, atherosclerosis is common, but of little clinical importance, and arteriosclerosis is rare
(c) Atherosclerosis is the most common and important type of arteriosclerosis in humans, and the terms can thus be used interchangeably with little loss of meaning in humans.
(a) In domestic animals, arteriosclerosis is common, but of little clinical importance, and atherosclerosis is rare
(c) Atherosclerosis is the most common and important type of arteriosclerosis in humans, and the terms can thus be used interchangeably with little loss of meaning in humans.
What is the term for accumulation of deposits of lipid, fibrous tissue and mineral in arterial walls, which eventually results in luminal narrowing?
Atherosclerosis
What are three most common anatomic locations where atherosclerosis affects arteries in domestic animals?
Arteries of the (1) heart, (2) mesentery and (3) kidneys
With which two diseases is atherosclerosis associated in dogs?
(1) Hypothyroidism; (2) Diabetes mellitus
In humans atherosclerosis is strongly associated with heart attacks. Is this also the case in dogs?
No.
Which is true:
(a) Atherosclerosis is common in domestic animals and generally leads to clinical disease
(b) Atherosclerosis is infrequent in domestic animals and rarely leads to clinical disease
(b) Atherosclerosis is infrequent in domestic animals and rarely leads to clinical disease
Mineralization of the tunica media (the smooth muscle coat) of arteries is often seen concurrently with endocardial mineralization, and has the same causes. What are four of these causes?
(1) Calcinogenic plant ingestion; (2) Vitamin D toxicosis; (3) Renal disease; (4) Johne’s disease [a granulomatous disease]
Mineralization of the tunica media (the smooth muscle coat) of arteries is often seen concurrently with endocardial mineralization, and has the same causes. What are four of these causes?
(1) Calcinogenic plant ingestion; (2) Vitamin D toxicosis; (3) Renal disease; (4) Johne’s disease [a granulomatous disease]
Mineralization of the tunica media (the smooth muscle coat) of arteries is often seen concurrently with endocardial mineralization, and has the same causes. What are four of these causes?
(1) Calcinogenic plant ingestion; (2) Vitamin D toxicosis; (3) Renal disease; (4) Johne’s disease [a granulomatous disease]
Mineralization of the tunica media (the smooth muscle coat) of arteries is often seen concurrently with endocardial mineralization, and has the same causes. What are four of these causes?
(1) Calcinogenic plant ingestion; (2) Vitamin D toxicosis; (3) Renal disease; (4) Johne’s disease [a granulomatous disease]
Mineralization of the tunica media (the smooth muscle coat) of arteries is often seen concurrently with endocardial mineralization, and has the same causes: (1) Calcinogenic plant ingestion; (2) Vitamin D toxicosis; (3) Renal disease; (4) Johne’s disease [a granulomatous disease]. However, it may be spontaneous in three common veterinary species. Which species are these?
(1) Horses; (2) Rabbits; (3) Guinea pigs
Mineralization of the tunica media (the smooth muscle coat) of arteries is often seen concurrently with endocardial mineralization, and has the same causes: (1) Calcinogenic plant ingestion; (2) Vitamin D toxicosis; (3) Renal disease; (4) Johne’s disease [a granulomatous disease]. However, it may be spontaneous in three common veterinary species. Which species are these?
(1) Horses; (2) Rabbits; (3) Guinea pigs
Mineralization of the tunica media (the smooth muscle coat) of arteries is often seen concurrently with endocardial mineralization, and has the same causes: (1) Calcinogenic plant ingestion; (2) Vitamin D toxicosis; (3) Renal disease; (4) Johne’s disease [a granulomatous disease]. However, it may be spontaneous in three common veterinary species. Which species are these?
(1) Horses; (2) Rabbits; (3) Guinea pigs
What is the term for inflammation of arteries?
Arteritis
What is the term for inflammation of veins?
Phlebitis