Cardio 4 Flashcards
What does the term vasculitis mean?
Inflammation of a blood vessel of any type (arterial or venous system)
What is the general term for inflammation of a blood vessel?
Vasculitis
What is the key difference between a vasculitis and a blood vessel that is full of, and surrounded by, inflammatory cells?
When tissues are inflamed white blood cells arrive via, and then exit and surround, the blood vessels supplying that site. This is NOT a vasculitis. This is just inflammation. To count as vasculitis, the white blood cells must target and damage the wall of the vessel itself.
Which is true:
(a) vasculitis has a narrow range of causes and all are infectious
(b) vasculitis has a broad variety of infectious, non-infectious and idiopathic causes
(b) vasculitis has a broad variety of infectious, non-infectious and idiopathic causes
What is the key lesion resulting from vasculitis?
Hemorrhage
The key lesion of vasculitis is widespread hemorrhage, which may be subdivided based on size. What are the dimensions of (a) ecchymotic, (b) petechial and (c) suffusive hemorrhage?
(a) ecchymotic means 2-10 mm diameter; (b) petechial means 1-2 mm diameter; (c) suffusive means extensive or diffuse
Name two vessel-based sequelae of vasculitis other than hemorrhage.
- Thrombosis (which may lead to thromboembolism, infarction and ischemia); 2. DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
What is the term for arterial loss of elasticity and luminal narrowing resulting from proliferative and degenerative (rather than inflammatory) changes of the arterial wall?
Arteriosclerosis?
What is the meaning of the term arteriosclerosis?
Arterial loss of elasticity and luminal narrowing resulting from proliferative and degenerative (rather than inflammatory) changes of the arterial wall
Arteriosclerosis is a common, age-related change most commonly seen in which domestic species?
Dogs
True or false? Arteriosclerosis is a common, cause of myocardial infarction in dogs.
False. Arteriosclerosis is common in dogs (most commonly in the abdominal aorta) but rarely causes clinical signs.
What is the term for lesions of arteriosclerosis in which degenerative fatty changes also occur?
Atherosclerosis
Which is true:
(a) Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis
(b) Arteriosclerosis is a form of atherosclerosis
(a) Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis. ARTERIOsclerosis is arterial loss of elasticity and luminal narrowing resulting from proliferative and degenerative (rather than inflammatory) changes of the arterial wall. If this degeneration also involves the formation of fatty plaques then this is ATHEROsclerosis.
Which is/are true:
(a) In domestic animals, arteriosclerosis is common, but of little clinical importance, and atherosclerosis is rare
(b) In domestic animals, atherosclerosis is common, but of little clinical importance, and arteriosclerosis is rare
(c) Atherosclerosis is the most common and important type of arteriosclerosis in humans, and the terms can thus be used interchangeably with little loss of meaning in humans.
(a) In domestic animals, arteriosclerosis is common, but of little clinical importance, and atherosclerosis is rare
(c) Atherosclerosis is the most common and important type of arteriosclerosis in humans, and the terms can thus be used interchangeably with little loss of meaning in humans.
What is the term for accumulation of deposits of lipid, fibrous tissue and mineral in arterial walls, which eventually results in luminal narrowing?
Atherosclerosis
What are three most common anatomic locations where atherosclerosis affects arteries in domestic animals?
Arteries of the (1) heart, (2) mesentery and (3) kidneys
With which two diseases is atherosclerosis associated in dogs?
(1) Hypothyroidism; (2) Diabetes mellitus
In humans atherosclerosis is strongly associated with heart attacks. Is this also the case in dogs?
No.
Which is true:
(a) Atherosclerosis is common in domestic animals and generally leads to clinical disease
(b) Atherosclerosis is infrequent in domestic animals and rarely leads to clinical disease
(b) Atherosclerosis is infrequent in domestic animals and rarely leads to clinical disease
Mineralization of the tunica media (the smooth muscle coat) of arteries is often seen concurrently with endocardial mineralization, and has the same causes. What are four of these causes?
(1) Calcinogenic plant ingestion; (2) Vitamin D toxicosis; (3) Renal disease; (4) Johne’s disease [a granulomatous disease]
Mineralization of the tunica media (the smooth muscle coat) of arteries is often seen concurrently with endocardial mineralization, and has the same causes. What are four of these causes?
(1) Calcinogenic plant ingestion; (2) Vitamin D toxicosis; (3) Renal disease; (4) Johne’s disease [a granulomatous disease]
Mineralization of the tunica media (the smooth muscle coat) of arteries is often seen concurrently with endocardial mineralization, and has the same causes. What are four of these causes?
(1) Calcinogenic plant ingestion; (2) Vitamin D toxicosis; (3) Renal disease; (4) Johne’s disease [a granulomatous disease]
Mineralization of the tunica media (the smooth muscle coat) of arteries is often seen concurrently with endocardial mineralization, and has the same causes. What are four of these causes?
(1) Calcinogenic plant ingestion; (2) Vitamin D toxicosis; (3) Renal disease; (4) Johne’s disease [a granulomatous disease]
Mineralization of the tunica media (the smooth muscle coat) of arteries is often seen concurrently with endocardial mineralization, and has the same causes: (1) Calcinogenic plant ingestion; (2) Vitamin D toxicosis; (3) Renal disease; (4) Johne’s disease [a granulomatous disease]. However, it may be spontaneous in three common veterinary species. Which species are these?
(1) Horses; (2) Rabbits; (3) Guinea pigs
Mineralization of the tunica media (the smooth muscle coat) of arteries is often seen concurrently with endocardial mineralization, and has the same causes: (1) Calcinogenic plant ingestion; (2) Vitamin D toxicosis; (3) Renal disease; (4) Johne’s disease [a granulomatous disease]. However, it may be spontaneous in three common veterinary species. Which species are these?
(1) Horses; (2) Rabbits; (3) Guinea pigs
Mineralization of the tunica media (the smooth muscle coat) of arteries is often seen concurrently with endocardial mineralization, and has the same causes: (1) Calcinogenic plant ingestion; (2) Vitamin D toxicosis; (3) Renal disease; (4) Johne’s disease [a granulomatous disease]. However, it may be spontaneous in three common veterinary species. Which species are these?
(1) Horses; (2) Rabbits; (3) Guinea pigs
What is the term for inflammation of arteries?
Arteritis
What is the term for inflammation of veins?
Phlebitis
What is the term for inflammation of all types of blood & lymphatic vessels?
Vasculitis
What is the term for inflammation of the tunica intima of an artery?
Endarteritis
What is the term for development of a thrombus?
Thrombosis
What is the term for an intravascular aggregate of fibrin, platelets and blood cells?
A thrombus
What is the term for sudden blockage of an artery by material that was carried there by the blood current?
Embolism. (Most emboli are fragments of thrombi.)
What is the term for the process of a thrombus fragment breaking off its site of formation and being carried away in the blood to cause a blockage further downstream?
Thromboembolism
What is the term for development of an infarct?
Infarction
What is the term for a localized area of ischemic necrosis caused by either blockage either of the arterial supply or the venous drainage?
An infarct
What is the meaning of the term arteritis?
Inflammation of arteries
What is the meaning of the term phlebitis?
Inflammation of veins
What is the meaning of the term vasculitis?
Inflammation of all types of blood & lymphatic vessels
What is the meaning of the term endarteritis?
Inflammation of the tunica intima of an artery
What is the meaning of the term thrombosis?
Development of a thrombus
What is the meaning of the term thrombus?
An intravascular aggregate of fibrin, platelets and blood cells
What is the meaning of the term embolism?
Sudden blockage of an artery by material that was carried there by the blood current
What is the meaning of the term thromboembolism?
The process of a thrombus fragment breaking off its site of formation and being carried away in the blood to cause a blockage further downstream
What is the meaning of the term infarction?
Development of an infarct
What is the meaning of the term infarct?
A localized area of ischemic necrosis caused by either blockage either of the arterial supply or the venous drainage
What is the meaning of the term lymphangitis?
Inflammation of lymphatic vessels (this is a feature of many diseases, and not a disease in its own right)
What is the term for inflammation of lymphatic vessels (a feature of many diseases, and not a disease in its own right)?
Lymphangitis
If you had to name two anatomic sites and species where you would most likely encounter lymphangitis in domestic animals, what would they be?
(1) Subcutaneous lymphatic vessels in distal limbs of horses (various causes, many exotic); (2) Mesenteric lymphatic vessels in ruminants with Johne’s disease (caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis)
If you had to name two anatomic sites and species where you would most likely encounter lymphangitis in domestic animals, what would they be?
(1) Subcutaneous lymphatic vessels in distal limbs of horses (various causes, many exotic); (2) Mesenteric lymphatic vessels in ruminants with Johne’s disease (caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis)
What is the meaning of the term lymphangiectasia?
Dilation of lymphatic vessels (most commonly seen in the veterinary world as an idiopathic disease affecting the lacteals of dogs and causing a protein-losing enteropathy)
What is the term for dilation of lymphatic vessels (most commonly seen in the veterinary world as an idiopathic disease affecting the lacteals of dogs and causing a protein-losing enteropathy)?
Lymphangiectasia
In what clinical form, and in which species, is lymphangiectasia most commonly seen the veterinary world?
An idiopathic disease affecting the lacteals of dogs and causing a protein-losing enteropathy
Which disease should you suspect in a dog with protein-losing enteropathy, thickened intestinal mucosa, and dilated lacteals?
Lymphangiectasia (an idiopathic disease affecting the lacteals of dogs and causing a protein-losing enteropathy)
What are lacteals?
Lacteals are the lymphatic vessels at the centers of villi
What is the term for lymphatic vessels at the centers of villi?
Lacteals
Which lymphatic-based disease should you suspect in a dog with diarrhea, steatorrhea, hypoproteinemia, & ascites?
Lymphangiectasia (an idiopathic disease affecting the lacteals of dogs and causing a protein-losing enteropathy)
When you find an animal with chylothorax which vessel should you assume has ruptured?
The thoracic duct
What is the name of the condition that results from rupture of the thoracic duct?
Chylothorax
What is chyle?
Chyle is the milky fluid carried from the lacteals to the systemic circulation via the cisterna chyli and thoracic duct. It consists of a mixture of lymph and emulsified fats.
What is the term for the milky fluid carried from the lacteals to the systemic circulation via the cisterna chyli and thoracic duct? It consists of a mixture of lymph and emulsified fats.
Chyle
What are some of the reasons that chylothorax might develop?
(1) Idiopathic / spontaneous rupture of thoracic duct; (2) Chest trauma causing rupture of thoracic duct; (3) Obstruction of the thoracic duct by a neoplasm, abscess or granuloma leading to rupture; (4) Invasion of the thoracic duct by a malignant neoplasm leading to rupture; (5) Right-sided heart failure causing interference of venous return to the heart, with pressure build-up and rupture of the thoracic duct
What are some of the reasons that chylothorax might develop?
(1) Idiopathic / spontaneous rupture of thoracic duct; (2) Chest trauma causing rupture of thoracic duct; (3) Obstruction of the thoracic duct by a neoplasm, abscess or granuloma leading to rupture; (4) Invasion of the thoracic duct by a malignant neoplasm leading to rupture; (5) Right-sided heart failure causing interference of venous return to the heart, with pressure build-up and rupture of the thoracic duct
What are some of the reasons that chylothorax might develop?
(1) Idiopathic / spontaneous rupture of thoracic duct; (2) Chest trauma causing rupture of thoracic duct; (3) Obstruction of the thoracic duct by a neoplasm, abscess or granuloma leading to rupture; (4) Invasion of the thoracic duct by a malignant neoplasm leading to rupture; (5) Right-sided heart failure causing interference of venous return to the heart, with pressure build-up and rupture of the thoracic duct
What are some of the reasons that chylothorax might develop?
(1) Idiopathic / spontaneous rupture of thoracic duct; (2) Chest trauma causing rupture of thoracic duct; (3) Obstruction of the thoracic duct by a neoplasm, abscess or granuloma leading to rupture; (4) Invasion of the thoracic duct by a malignant neoplasm leading to rupture; (5) Right-sided heart failure causing interference of venous return to the heart, with pressure build-up and rupture of the thoracic duct
What are some of the reasons that chylothorax might develop?
(1) Idiopathic / spontaneous rupture of thoracic duct; (2) Chest trauma causing rupture of thoracic duct; (3) Obstruction of the thoracic duct by a neoplasm, abscess or granuloma leading to rupture; (4) Invasion of the thoracic duct by a malignant neoplasm leading to rupture; (5) Right-sided heart failure causing interference of venous return to the heart, with pressure build-up and rupture of the thoracic duct
You perform a necropsy a dyspnoeic cat and find that the pleural cavities are filled with milky fluid. What disease is this?
Chylothorax, caused by rupture of the thoracic duct and leakage of chyle into the pleural spaces. Chyle is the milky fluid carried from the lacteals to the systemic circulation via the cisterna chyli and thoracic duct. It consists of a mixture of lymph and emulsified fats.
What is the term for a benign neoplasm arising from the endothelium of lymphatic vessels?
Lymphangioma (NOT NOT NOT lymphoma, which is a malignant tumor arising from lymphocytes)
What is the term for a malignant neoplasm arising from the endothelium of lymphatic vessels?
Lymphangiosarcoma (NOT NOT NOT lymphosarcoma, which is a malignant tumor arising from lymphocytes)
What is a lymphangioma?
A benign neoplasm arising from the endothelium of lymphatic vessels (NOT THE SAME as lymphoma, which is a malignant tumor arising from lymphocytes)
What is a lymphangiosarcoma?
A malignant neoplasm arising from the endothelium of lymphatic vessels (NOT THE SAME as lymphosarcoma, which is a malignant tumor arising from lymphocytes)
