GI 1 - Nicole Flashcards
name 2 oral cavity congenital abnormalities
cleft lip (cheiloschisis) and cleft palate (palatoschisis)
name for cleft lip
cheiloschisis
name for cleft palate
palatoschisis
cleft palate (chelioshisis) sequelae
aspiration pneumonia as animals can’t make a good seal while suckling milk and end up aspirating
jaw abnormalities - name 2
Brachygnathia (shortening) and Prognathia (elongation)
2 kinds of Brachygnathia
Brachygnathia inferior (shortening of mandible) and Brachyganthia superior (shortening of maxillae) [breed standard in brachycephalic dogs]
Prognathia
elongation of mandible
what is parrot mouth
a form of brachygnathia inferior in horses
what is the most common cause of congenital anomalies
viruses
causes for cleft and jaw abnormalities
hereditary, drugs, toxic plants, and infectious
overall inflammation of the oral cavity
stomatitis
inflammation of the lips
cheilitis
inflammation of the pharynx
pharyngitis
inflammation of the tongue
glossitis
inflammation of the gums
gingivitis
inflammation of the tonsils
tonsilitis
FORLs
Feline Odontoclastic Resporptive Lesions (similar to cavities)
- painful and idiopathic
where do FORLs often start
at the subgingival neck or upper root of cheek teeth (right near gum line or under gum line)
when do Feline Ondontoclastic Resorptive Lesions increase in prevalence?
age, increased occurrence in last 40 years (diet related?)
EOTRH
Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis
old name - cementoblastoma
EOTRH targets
canines and incisors
EORTH is a painful and progressive lesion of older horses that causes a combination of
cemental hyperplasia and lysis NOT NEOPLASIA - (proliferation and destruction at same time)
EOTRH - you see
bulbous enlargement of the intra-alveolar part of the teeth
what is odontogenic Dysplasia
Dysplastic growth of molar teeth seen in RODENTS that affects enamel, dentin, and cementum (tooth starts to grow backwards instead of forwards)
odontogenic dysplasia results in
malocclusion, hyper salivation, and emaciation
characteristic sign of odontogenic dysplasia
palpate nodular hard swellings along the ventral mandible or along dorsal surface of maxilla (in some species this is normal so know your stuff before diagnosing this)
what helps to determine if you’re feeling odontogenic dysplasia
asymmetry between sides
Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis (CUPS) is thought to be a
hypersensitivity reaction to gram negative bacteria associated with periodontal disease
also called kissing ulcers
CUPS
Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis
Gross Lesions of Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis
buccal ulceration in areas of contact between mucosa and teeth affected by gingivitis, plaque, and calculus
- often see white centre + red rim
Who is CUPS most common in
middle aged white breed dogs but can prevent with good dental care
which teeth are most commonly affected in Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis
maxillary canine and carnassial teeth
Oral Necrobacillosis is also called
calf diphtheria and necrotic laryngitis
oral Necrobacillosis is caused by
fusobacterium necrophorum an ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
how does an animal acquire oral Necrobacillosis
fusobacterium necrophorum is a secondary invader after mucosal damage. predisposing diseases include trauma, IBR, and papular stomatitis
where can oral necrobacillosis target
the buccal or pharyngeal mucosa, or the larynx and tonsils. NOT JUST AN ORAL CAVITY DISEASE
can spread down the esophagus or trachea
can oral necrobacillosis be fatal?
yes, if it goes systemic - systemic disease is more common in young animals
gross lesions of oral necrobacillosis
yellow grey, well-demarcated necrosis with a hyperemic rim. Necrotic material may be slightly raised above surface and often has a dry appearance, with multiple rings of colour (flower-like)
histologic lesions of oral necrobacillosis
bacteria arranged into long thin filaments
how to definitively prove its oral necrobacillosis
culture in ANAEROBIC CULTURE
Wooden tongue other name
actinobacillosis
actinobacillosis is caused by
bacteria actinobacillus lignieresii
- gram negative
how does actinobacillus lignieresii get into tongue
part of normal oral flora, and trauma allows penetration of bacteria
what happens in actinobacillosis
tongue becomes swollen and hard, may extend to other parts of oral cavity like jaw and lymph nodes
which species does wooden tongue affect?
cattle, sheep, pigs, and also wild ruminants/ungulates
histologically what do you see - actinobacillosis
pyogranulomatous inflammation and Splendore-Hoeppli (sulfur granules)
what is characteristic of wooden tongue
sulfur granules (splendore-Hoeppli) - appear as yellow dots & do not contain sulfur (confusing)
woody tongue is very similar to lumpy jaw caused by Actinomyces Bovis - how do you tell these apart?
use a gram stain as they stain differently. Actinobacillus Lignieresii is a gram negative bacterium whereas Actinomyces Bovis is gram positive
can woody tongue be difficult to culture?
yes, but crushing the sulfur granules helps, and tell the lab you are specifically looking for these agents
Oral candidiasis also called
thrush
oral candidiasis is caused by
fungus Candida albicans
oral candidiasis is more common in
young animals and animals that go through a change in diet such as weaning or antibiotic therapy
gross features of oral candidiasis
pale yellow to grey pseudomembrane overlying oral mucosa, especially at the back of the tongue
oral candidiasis histologic features
proliferation of yeast and hyphae within keratinized layer (doesn’t invade the tongue but will thicken the keratinized layer)
does oral candidiasis only happen on the tongue
no, can happen anywhere in the keratinized portion of the GIT so oral cavity, esophagus, and stomach but varies within species
species with a keratinized stomach
horse, pig, cow
