GI 2 Flashcards
esophageal hypertrophy species
middle aged to old - horses and pigs
what is esophageal hypertrophy
hypertrophy of the circular smooth muscle layer of the distal/aboral esophagus, may see concurrent aboral ileal hypertrophy.
white or gray cysts filled with mucous that arise from the normal esophageal glands of older dogs are called
cystic esophageal glands. these are incidental
esophageal impaction, also known as ____, is obstruction by an esophageal foreign body that can lead to pressure necrosis of the underlying mucosa
choke
Megaesophagus is the result of atony/weakness of the esophageal muscle. It will lead to failure of peristalsis, and can result in regurgitation. What two types of distribution may occur?
segmental or diffuse.
Megaesophagus is the result of atony/weakness of the esophageal muscle. It will lead to failure of peristalsis, and can result in regurgitation. There are two forms; what are they?
- Congenital idiopathic megaesophagus
2.Acquired
Megaesophagus is the result of atony/weakness of the esophageal muscle. It will lead to failure of peristalsis, and can result in regurgitation. In the acquired form, what is megaesophagus secondary to?
myasthenia gravis, lead toxicity, etc
Megaesophagus is the result of atony/weakness of the esophageal muscle. It will lead to failure of peristalsis, and can result in regurgitation. In the congenital idiopathic form, which species are typically effected?
Dogs (great danes, german shepards, irish setters)
Cats (siamese)
horses (friesian)
Think back to cardio: what is a cause of megaesophagus in dogs?
Persistent right aortic arch leading to segmental megaesophagus
what causes erosive/ulcerative esophagitis?
many of the ulcerative viral diseases that can affect the oropharynx also have the ability to affect the esophagus
Which esophageal parasite forms granulomas within the submucosa of the distal esophagus, with a tract leading to the esophageal lumen?
Spirocerca lupi
Spirocerca lupi is an esophageal parasite that affects canids and other carnivores. What can develop at the site of the granuloma that forms in the esophageal submucosa?
Can lead to sarcoma development
What are esophageal neoplasia typically secondary to?
Spirocerca lupi infection.
Rank in order of food transit:
- rumen
- omasum
- abomasum
- reticulum
reticulum -> rumen ->omasum -> abomasum
what are trichobezoars?
spherical masses of hair or wool found in the rumen. These are typically incidental
What are phytobezoars?
spherical masses of plant fibers found in the rumen. these are often incidental
Diets high in concentrates can lead to _____ , which is the retention/hyperplasia of layers of strum corneum with epithelial cells that have retained nuclei.
Ruminal parakeratosis
what does ruminal parakeratosis look like>
clumped papillae that may be dark
what is the name for an inability to eructate gas from the rumen?
Ruminal tympany (bloat)
Ruminal tympany is the inability to eructate gas from the rumen. what are the gross findings of this condition?
Marked abdominal distension with “sawhorse” posture. Dark blood that is bad at clotting (due to anoxia). Subcutaneous hemorrhages/edema cranially, non - hemorrhagic edema caudally. Bloat line within the esophagus. lung compression/atelectasis
what is the characteristic hemorrhagic pattern of a bovine that died from bloat
subcutaneous hemorrhages and edema cranially, non-hemorrhagic edema caudally
Ruminal tympany is the inability to eructate gas from the rumen. What are the two main types, and what are they colliqually known as?
Primary tympany = frothy bloat
secondary tympany = gas bloat
Describe Primary Tympany
AKA frothy bloat, is generally acute and severe. Caused by a diet high in legumes (alfalfa, clover) or concentrates. As indicated by the name, contents are frothy
Describe secondary tympany
AKA gas bloat, is generally chronic or recurrent. Gas isn’t trapped in froth, but is retained due to physical or functional defect. It is classically associated with damage to the vagus nerve, but the most common cause is traumatic reticuloperitonitis. It is also seen in ruminal drinkers, where milk escapes the ruminoreticular groove and ends up fermenting in the rumen.
What is the most common cause of secondary tympany?
traumatic reticuloperitonitis.
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis is more commonly referred to as:
hardware disease
What are the two bacteria commonly associated with traumatic reticuloperitonitis (hardware disease)
Trueperella pyogenes
Fusobacterium necrophorum
where does traumatic reticuloperitonitis most commonly occur?
cranioventral forestomach (typically the reticulum)
hardware disease is also known as
traumatic reticuloperitonitis
what is traumatic reticuloperitonitis
perforation of the forestomach (typically the reticulum) due to a sharp foreign body
what are the two most important outcomes of traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
Chronic local peritonitis +/- focal adhesions
traumatic pericarditis, IF the diaphragm is also penetrated.
What is ruminal acidosis
chemical ruminitis due to grain overload. Often the result of excessive carbohydrates
what causes ruminal acidosis
excessive carbohydrate ingestion
what pH indicates ruminal acidosis
</=5
what is the normal ph of the rumen
5.5-7.5
describe the pathogenesis of ruminal acidosis
decreasing pH leads to death of normal gram neg bacteria -> proliferation of S.bovis -> increased lactic acid production -> decreased pH -> lactobacillus predominates
what are the gross findings of ruminal acidosis
sunken eyes, thick dark blood, mucosa is difficult to peal and has a distinct odour
a cow presents at necropsy with sunken eyes, thick dark blood, and a ruminal mucosa that is difficult to peal. what is your diagnosis
ruminal acidosis
what are three specific outcomes of ruminal acidosis
- necrobacillary ruminitis
- mycotic rumenitis
3.scarring
Fusobacterium necrophorum causes ______ ruminitis, and is commonly accompanied with liver ____ due to bacterial embolization
Necrobacillary, abscesses
A cow that died of ruminal acidosis presents with well-demarcated, plaque like areas of necrosis throughout the rumen. what specific outcome does this describe?
Necrobacillary rumenitis
Mycotic rumenitis is caused by what type of fungi?
zygomycete (Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia)
A cow that died of ruminal acidosis presents with severely hemorrhagic, extensive “infarct” lesions that are vasculocentric. What specific outcome of acidosis does this describe?
Mycotic rumenitis
T/F: rumen flukes are pathogenic
false, though associated with inflammation
What are the three most common forestomach neoplasms?
Fibropapilloma
Papillomas
Squamous cell carcinoma
Canine gastric dilation and volvulus most commonly occurs in what breeds?
deep-chested breeds (great danes, st bernards, irish setters, wolfhounds, bloodhounds)
How do you distinguish equine gastric dilation/volvulus as the cause of death from a postmortem rupture?
bloat line in the esophagus, hemorrhage/edema at margins of the rupture
what are the consequences of equine gastric dilation?
gastric rupture that targets the greater curvature parallel to the omental attachment
a horse presents at necropsy with a rupture at the greater curvature parallel to omental attachment. What was the most likely cause of death?
Gastric rupture secondary to gastric dilation/volvulus
Abomasal displacement in bovines most commonly occur to the ____
left
Give one example of a concurrent condition that can occur with abomasal displacement and volvulus
ketosis
hypocalcemia
metritis
retained placenta
Give two species other than horses, dogs or cows that get GDV.
Pigs
Guinea pigs
Clostridial abomasitis is more commonly known as _____ in sheep
Braxy
A cow presents on necropsy with hemorrhagic ascites, fibrin, emphysema and edema on the abomasal wall, and a gram positive bacilli on histology with areas of coagulative necrosis. What was the cause of death?
Clostridial abomasitis
There are two species of parasites that commonly affect horse stomachs. what are they
Gasterophilus intestinalis
Gasterophilus nasalis
What is the common stomach parasite found in cattle, sheep and goats>
Ostertagia spp
A goat presents at necropsy with a thickened gastric mucosa with raised nodules that have the appearance of moroccan leather. What is your diagnosis
Gastritis caused by Ostertagia spp
(specifically ostertagia circumcincta)
what are the main histological lesions of Ostertagia infection in a ruminant stomach
mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia and mixed interstitial inflammation
A sheep stomach has histological evidence of mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia with mixed interstitial inflammation. what parasite causes this?
Ostertagia spp. THis also occurs in goats and cattle
Hemonchosis, caused by ______, is characterized by ______
H. contortus (sheep and goats) / H.placei (cattle).
Characterized by anemia and hypoproteinemia leading to subq edema
the barber pole worm, scientific name ______, causes a classic subcutaneous edema more commonly referred to as ______
Haemonchus spp, bottle jaw
Gastroduodenal/abomasal ulcers involve an imbalance between the corrosive effects of gastric acid and pepsin versus the resilience/defenses of the mucosa. what is the 3-part progression of this lesion?
erosion -> ulcer -> perforation
What is the most common gross finding of an animal suffering from gastroduodenal/abomasal ulcers
melena (black, tarry stool from bleeding in GI tract)
What is the most common cause of gastroduodenal ulceration in dogs
Tumors and drugs. most common are adenocarcinoma, cutaneous mast cell tumor (produces histamine to increase acid secretion), gastrinoma
what type of tumor in a dog produces histamine and leads to gastroduodenal ulcers
cutaneous mast cell tumor
what are the two drug classes that may cause stomach ulceration in dogs
NSAIDS and glucocorticoids
T/f: in cattle, abomasal ulcers are common and duodenal ulcers are rare
true
T/f while stress associated ulcers can occur in cattle, they are quite rare.
false they are common
what age of calves frequently get perforating abomasal ulcers
< 4 months
Gastric ulcers typically target what region of a pigs stomach
pars esophagea (the squamous portion of stomach)
A pig presents at necropsy with ulcers near and on the pars esophagea of the stomach. What was the cause of death, and what is it attributed to
acute death from exsanguination, attributed to finely ground feed causing ulcers.
T/F: gastric ulcers are common in horses and will always cause colic
false. they are common, but while they occasionally cause colic, they are predominantly incidental
Gastric ulcers tend to target what portion of the equine sotmach
the squamous portion immediately adjacent to the margo plicatus
what are the two most common epithelial tumors of the stomach
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
where do squamous cell carcinomas most commonly arise in the equine stomach
squamous portion
what species commonly gets stomach adenocarcinoma
dogs
what is the most common round cell tumor found in the stomach of cattle
abomasal lymphoma
