GI 2

Question 1

esophageal hypertrophy species

Answer 1

middle aged to old - horses and pigs

Question 2

what is esophageal hypertrophy

Answer 2

hypertrophy of the circular smooth muscle layer of the distal/aboral esophagus, may see concurrent aboral ileal hypertrophy.

Question 3

white or gray cysts filled with mucous that arise from the normal esophageal glands of older dogs are called

Answer 3

cystic esophageal glands. these are incidental

Question 4

esophageal impaction, also known as ____, is obstruction by an esophageal foreign body that can lead to pressure necrosis of the underlying mucosa

Answer 4

choke

Question 5

Megaesophagus is the result of atony/weakness of the esophageal muscle. It will lead to failure of peristalsis, and can result in regurgitation. What two types of distribution may occur?

Answer 5

segmental or diffuse.

Question 6

Megaesophagus is the result of atony/weakness of the esophageal muscle. It will lead to failure of peristalsis, and can result in regurgitation. There are two forms; what are they?

Answer 6

1. Congenital idiopathic megaesophagus

2.Acquired

Question 7

Megaesophagus is the result of atony/weakness of the esophageal muscle. It will lead to failure of peristalsis, and can result in regurgitation. In the acquired form, what is megaesophagus secondary to?

Answer 7

myasthenia gravis, lead toxicity, etc

Question 8

Megaesophagus is the result of atony/weakness of the esophageal muscle. It will lead to failure of peristalsis, and can result in regurgitation. In the congenital idiopathic form, which species are typically effected?

Answer 8

Dogs (great danes, german shepards, irish setters)

Cats (siamese)

horses (friesian)

Question 9

Think back to cardio: what is a cause of megaesophagus in dogs?

Answer 9

Persistent right aortic arch leading to segmental megaesophagus

Question 10

what causes erosive/ulcerative esophagitis?

Answer 10

many of the ulcerative viral diseases that can affect the oropharynx also have the ability to affect the esophagus

Question 11

Which esophageal parasite forms granulomas within the submucosa of the distal esophagus, with a tract leading to the esophageal lumen?

Answer 11

Spirocerca lupi

Question 12

Spirocerca lupi is an esophageal parasite that affects canids and other carnivores. What can develop at the site of the granuloma that forms in the esophageal submucosa?

Answer 12

Can lead to sarcoma development

Question 13

What are esophageal neoplasia typically secondary to?

Answer 13

Spirocerca lupi infection.

Question 14

Rank in order of food transit:

1. rumen
2. omasum
3. abomasum
4. reticulum

Answer 14

reticulum -> rumen ->omasum -> abomasum

Question 15

what are trichobezoars?

Answer 15

spherical masses of hair or wool found in the rumen. These are typically incidental

Question 16

What are phytobezoars?

Answer 16

spherical masses of plant fibers found in the rumen. these are often incidental

Question 17

Diets high in concentrates can lead to _____ , which is the retention/hyperplasia of layers of strum corneum with epithelial cells that have retained nuclei.

Answer 17

Ruminal parakeratosis

Question 18

what does ruminal parakeratosis look like>

Answer 18

clumped papillae that may be dark

Question 19

what is the name for an inability to eructate gas from the rumen?

Answer 19

Ruminal tympany (bloat)

Question 20

Ruminal tympany is the inability to eructate gas from the rumen. what are the gross findings of this condition?

Answer 20

Marked abdominal distension with “sawhorse” posture. Dark blood that is bad at clotting (due to anoxia). Subcutaneous hemorrhages/edema cranially, non - hemorrhagic edema caudally. Bloat line within the esophagus. lung compression/atelectasis

Question 21

what is the characteristic hemorrhagic pattern of a bovine that died from bloat

Answer 21

subcutaneous hemorrhages and edema cranially, non-hemorrhagic edema caudally

Question 22

Ruminal tympany is the inability to eructate gas from the rumen. What are the two main types, and what are they colliqually known as?

Answer 22

Primary tympany = frothy bloat

secondary tympany = gas bloat

Question 23

Describe Primary Tympany

Answer 23

AKA frothy bloat, is generally acute and severe. Caused by a diet high in legumes (alfalfa, clover) or concentrates. As indicated by the name, contents are frothy

Question 24

Describe secondary tympany

Answer 24

AKA gas bloat, is generally chronic or recurrent. Gas isn’t trapped in froth, but is retained due to physical or functional defect. It is classically associated with damage to the vagus nerve, but the most common cause is traumatic reticuloperitonitis. It is also seen in ruminal drinkers, where milk escapes the ruminoreticular groove and ends up fermenting in the rumen.

Question 25

What is the most common cause of secondary tympany?

Answer 25

traumatic reticuloperitonitis.

Question 26

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis is more commonly referred to as:

Answer 26

hardware disease

Question 27

What are the two bacteria commonly associated with traumatic reticuloperitonitis (hardware disease)

Answer 27

Trueperella pyogenes

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 28

where does traumatic reticuloperitonitis most commonly occur?

Answer 28

cranioventral forestomach (typically the reticulum)

Question 29

hardware disease is also known as

Answer 29

traumatic reticuloperitonitis

Question 30

what is traumatic reticuloperitonitis

Answer 30

perforation of the forestomach (typically the reticulum) due to a sharp foreign body

Question 31

what are the two most important outcomes of traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 31

Chronic local peritonitis +/- focal adhesions

traumatic pericarditis, IF the diaphragm is also penetrated.