GI 2

Question 1

esophageal hypertrophy species

Answer 1

middle aged to old - horses and pigs

Question 2

what is esophageal hypertrophy

Answer 2

hypertrophy of the circular smooth muscle layer of the distal/aboral esophagus, may see concurrent aboral ileal hypertrophy.

Question 3

white or gray cysts filled with mucous that arise from the normal esophageal glands of older dogs are called

Answer 3

cystic esophageal glands. these are incidental

Question 4

esophageal impaction, also known as ____, is obstruction by an esophageal foreign body that can lead to pressure necrosis of the underlying mucosa

Answer 4

choke

Question 5

Megaesophagus is the result of atony/weakness of the esophageal muscle. It will lead to failure of peristalsis, and can result in regurgitation. What two types of distribution may occur?

Answer 5

segmental or diffuse.

Question 6

Megaesophagus is the result of atony/weakness of the esophageal muscle. It will lead to failure of peristalsis, and can result in regurgitation. There are two forms; what are they?

Answer 6

1. Congenital idiopathic megaesophagus

2.Acquired

Question 7

Megaesophagus is the result of atony/weakness of the esophageal muscle. It will lead to failure of peristalsis, and can result in regurgitation. In the acquired form, what is megaesophagus secondary to?

Answer 7

myasthenia gravis, lead toxicity, etc

Question 8

Megaesophagus is the result of atony/weakness of the esophageal muscle. It will lead to failure of peristalsis, and can result in regurgitation. In the congenital idiopathic form, which species are typically effected?

Answer 8

Dogs (great danes, german shepards, irish setters)

Cats (siamese)

horses (friesian)

Question 9

Think back to cardio: what is a cause of megaesophagus in dogs?

Answer 9

Persistent right aortic arch leading to segmental megaesophagus

Question 10

what causes erosive/ulcerative esophagitis?

Answer 10

many of the ulcerative viral diseases that can affect the oropharynx also have the ability to affect the esophagus

Question 11

Which esophageal parasite forms granulomas within the submucosa of the distal esophagus, with a tract leading to the esophageal lumen?

Answer 11

Spirocerca lupi

Question 12

Spirocerca lupi is an esophageal parasite that affects canids and other carnivores. What can develop at the site of the granuloma that forms in the esophageal submucosa?

Answer 12

Can lead to sarcoma development

Question 13

What are esophageal neoplasia typically secondary to?

Answer 13

Spirocerca lupi infection.

Question 14

Rank in order of food transit:

1. rumen
2. omasum
3. abomasum
4. reticulum

Answer 14

reticulum -> rumen ->omasum -> abomasum

Question 15

what are trichobezoars?

Answer 15

spherical masses of hair or wool found in the rumen. These are typically incidental

Question 16

What are phytobezoars?

Answer 16

spherical masses of plant fibers found in the rumen. these are often incidental

Question 17

Diets high in concentrates can lead to _____ , which is the retention/hyperplasia of layers of strum corneum with epithelial cells that have retained nuclei.

Answer 17

Ruminal parakeratosis

Question 18

what does ruminal parakeratosis look like>

Answer 18

clumped papillae that may be dark

Question 19

what is the name for an inability to eructate gas from the rumen?

Answer 19

Ruminal tympany (bloat)

Question 20

Ruminal tympany is the inability to eructate gas from the rumen. what are the gross findings of this condition?

Answer 20

Marked abdominal distension with “sawhorse” posture. Dark blood that is bad at clotting (due to anoxia). Subcutaneous hemorrhages/edema cranially, non - hemorrhagic edema caudally. Bloat line within the esophagus. lung compression/atelectasis

Question 21

what is the characteristic hemorrhagic pattern of a bovine that died from bloat

Answer 21

subcutaneous hemorrhages and edema cranially, non-hemorrhagic edema caudally

Question 22

Ruminal tympany is the inability to eructate gas from the rumen. What are the two main types, and what are they colliqually known as?

Answer 22

Primary tympany = frothy bloat

secondary tympany = gas bloat

Question 23

Describe Primary Tympany

Answer 23

AKA frothy bloat, is generally acute and severe. Caused by a diet high in legumes (alfalfa, clover) or concentrates. As indicated by the name, contents are frothy

Question 24

Describe secondary tympany

Answer 24

AKA gas bloat, is generally chronic or recurrent. Gas isn’t trapped in froth, but is retained due to physical or functional defect. It is classically associated with damage to the vagus nerve, but the most common cause is traumatic reticuloperitonitis. It is also seen in ruminal drinkers, where milk escapes the ruminoreticular groove and ends up fermenting in the rumen.

Question 25

What is the most common cause of secondary tympany?

Answer 25

traumatic reticuloperitonitis.

Question 26

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis is more commonly referred to as:

Answer 26

hardware disease

Question 27

What are the two bacteria commonly associated with traumatic reticuloperitonitis (hardware disease)

Answer 27

Trueperella pyogenes Fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 28

where does traumatic reticuloperitonitis most commonly occur?

Answer 28

cranioventral forestomach (typically the reticulum)

Question 29

hardware disease is also known as

Answer 29

traumatic reticuloperitonitis

Question 30

what is traumatic reticuloperitonitis

Answer 30

perforation of the forestomach (typically the reticulum) due to a sharp foreign body

Question 31

what are the two most important outcomes of traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 31

Chronic local peritonitis +/- focal adhesions traumatic pericarditis, IF the diaphragm is also penetrated.

Question 32

What is ruminal acidosis

Answer 32

chemical ruminitis due to grain overload. Often the result of excessive carbohydrates

Question 33

what causes ruminal acidosis

Answer 33

excessive carbohydrate ingestion

Question 34

what pH indicates ruminal acidosis

Question 35

what is the normal ph of the rumen

Answer 35

5.5-7.5

Question 36

describe the pathogenesis of ruminal acidosis

Answer 36

decreasing pH leads to death of normal gram neg bacteria -> proliferation of S.bovis -> increased lactic acid production -> decreased pH -> lactobacillus predominates

Question 37

what are the gross findings of ruminal acidosis

Answer 37

sunken eyes, thick dark blood, mucosa is difficult to peal and has a distinct odour

Question 38

a cow presents at necropsy with sunken eyes, thick dark blood, and a ruminal mucosa that is difficult to peal. what is your diagnosis

Answer 38

ruminal acidosis

Question 39

what are three specific outcomes of ruminal acidosis

Answer 39

1. necrobacillary ruminitis 2. mycotic rumenitis 3.scarring

Question 40

Fusobacterium necrophorum causes ______ ruminitis, and is commonly accompanied with liver ____ due to bacterial embolization

Answer 40

Necrobacillary, abscesses

Question 41

A cow that died of ruminal acidosis presents with well-demarcated, plaque like areas of necrosis throughout the rumen. what specific outcome does this describe?

Answer 41

Necrobacillary rumenitis

Question 42

Mycotic rumenitis is caused by what type of fungi?

Answer 42

zygomycete (Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia)

Question 43

A cow that died of ruminal acidosis presents with severely hemorrhagic, extensive "infarct" lesions that are vasculocentric. What specific outcome of acidosis does this describe?

Answer 43

Mycotic rumenitis

Question 44

T/F: rumen flukes are pathogenic

Answer 44

false, though associated with inflammation

Question 45

What are the three most common forestomach neoplasms?

Answer 45

Fibropapilloma Papillomas Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 46

Canine gastric dilation and volvulus most commonly occurs in what breeds?

Answer 46

deep-chested breeds (great danes, st bernards, irish setters, wolfhounds, bloodhounds)

Question 47

How do you distinguish equine gastric dilation/volvulus as the cause of death from a postmortem rupture?

Answer 47

bloat line in the esophagus, hemorrhage/edema at margins of the rupture

Question 48

what are the consequences of equine gastric dilation?

Answer 48

gastric rupture that targets the greater curvature parallel to the omental attachment

Question 49

a horse presents at necropsy with a rupture at the greater curvature parallel to omental attachment. What was the most likely cause of death?

Answer 49

Gastric rupture secondary to gastric dilation/volvulus

Question 50

Abomasal displacement in bovines most commonly occur to the ____

Answer 50

left

Question 51

Give one example of a concurrent condition that can occur with abomasal displacement and volvulus

Answer 51

ketosis hypocalcemia metritis retained placenta

Question 52

Give two species other than horses, dogs or cows that get GDV.

Answer 52

Pigs Guinea pigs

Question 53

Clostridial abomasitis is more commonly known as _____ in sheep

Answer 53

Braxy

Question 54

A cow presents on necropsy with hemorrhagic ascites, fibrin, emphysema and edema on the abomasal wall, and a gram positive bacilli on histology with areas of coagulative necrosis. What was the cause of death?

Answer 54

Clostridial abomasitis

Question 55

There are two species of parasites that commonly affect horse stomachs. what are they

Answer 55

Gasterophilus intestinalis Gasterophilus nasalis

Question 56

What is the common stomach parasite found in cattle, sheep and goats>

Answer 56

Ostertagia spp

Question 57

A goat presents at necropsy with a thickened gastric mucosa with raised nodules that have the appearance of moroccan leather. What is your diagnosis

Answer 57

Gastritis caused by Ostertagia spp (specifically ostertagia circumcincta)

Question 58

what are the main histological lesions of Ostertagia infection in a ruminant stomach

Answer 58

mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia and mixed interstitial inflammation

Question 59

A sheep stomach has histological evidence of mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia with mixed interstitial inflammation. what parasite causes this?

Answer 59

Ostertagia spp. THis also occurs in goats and cattle

Question 60

Hemonchosis, caused by ______, is characterized by ______

Answer 60

H. contortus (sheep and goats) / H.placei (cattle). Characterized by anemia and hypoproteinemia leading to subq edema

Question 61

the barber pole worm, scientific name ______, causes a classic subcutaneous edema more commonly referred to as ______

Answer 61

Haemonchus spp, bottle jaw

Question 62

Gastroduodenal/abomasal ulcers involve an imbalance between the corrosive effects of gastric acid and pepsin versus the resilience/defenses of the mucosa. what is the 3-part progression of this lesion?

Answer 62

erosion -> ulcer -> perforation

Question 63

What is the most common gross finding of an animal suffering from gastroduodenal/abomasal ulcers

Answer 63

melena (black, tarry stool from bleeding in GI tract)

Question 64

What is the most common cause of gastroduodenal ulceration in dogs

Answer 64

Tumors and drugs. most common are adenocarcinoma, cutaneous mast cell tumor (produces histamine to increase acid secretion), gastrinoma

Question 65

what type of tumor in a dog produces histamine and leads to gastroduodenal ulcers

Answer 65

cutaneous mast cell tumor

Question 66

what are the two drug classes that may cause stomach ulceration in dogs

Answer 66

NSAIDS and glucocorticoids

Question 67

T/f: in cattle, abomasal ulcers are common and duodenal ulcers are rare

Answer 67

true

Question 68

T/f while stress associated ulcers can occur in cattle, they are quite rare.

Answer 68

false they are common

Question 69

what age of calves frequently get perforating abomasal ulcers

Answer 69

< 4 months

Question 70

Gastric ulcers typically target what region of a pigs stomach

Answer 70

pars esophagea (the squamous portion of stomach)

Question 71

A pig presents at necropsy with ulcers near and on the pars esophagea of the stomach. What was the cause of death, and what is it attributed to

Answer 71

acute death from exsanguination, attributed to finely ground feed causing ulcers.

Question 72

T/F: gastric ulcers are common in horses and will always cause colic

Answer 72

false. they are common, but while they occasionally cause colic, they are predominantly incidental

Question 73

Gastric ulcers tend to target what portion of the equine sotmach

Answer 73

the squamous portion immediately adjacent to the margo plicatus

Question 74

what are the two most common epithelial tumors of the stomach

Answer 74

squamous cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma

Question 75

where do squamous cell carcinomas most commonly arise in the equine stomach

Answer 75

squamous portion

Question 76

what species commonly gets stomach adenocarcinoma

Answer 76

dogs

Question 77

what is the most common round cell tumor found in the stomach of cattle

Answer 77

abomasal lymphoma