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Nervous 3 (brain 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for a protrusion of the meninges, forming a sac?

A

Meningeocoele

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2
Q

What is the term for a protrusion of meninges plus part of the brain, forming a sac?

A

Meningoencephalocele

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3
Q

What is lissencephaly? Which animals is this normal in?

A

The absence of normal gyri and sulci of the cerebrum. This is normal in birds, rabbits, rats, and mice.

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4
Q

What is the term for a small abnormal cavity in the brain?

A

Porencephaly

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5
Q

What is porencephaly likely a result of?

A

Viral damage (BVDV and blue tongue virus)

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6
Q

What is cerebellar hypoplasia?

A

An incomplete/underdeveloped cerebellum

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7
Q

Cerebellar hypoplasia occurs most commonly by in-utero infection with which two classes of viruses?

A
  1. Parvovirus (canine parvo and feline panleukopenia)
  2. Pestivirus (BVDV and classic swine fever)
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8
Q

Why do viruses like to target the cerebellum?

A

Because viruses target rapidly dividing cells and cerebellar cells continue to divide in gestation and early neonates.

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9
Q

What is the most common CNS congenital anomaly?

A

Hydrocephalus

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10
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the cranium

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11
Q

What are the three major categories of hydrocephalus?

A
  1. Congenital
  2. Acquired
  3. ‘Ex-vacuo’
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12
Q

What is ‘ex-vacuo’ hydrocephalus? When does this usually occur?

A

Where you see a loss of brain tissue and a replacement of CSF. This occurs in old dogs that get atrophy of the brain.

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13
Q

Hydrocephalus can be congenital in which dog breeds?

A

Toy (chihuahua, pomeranian) and brachycephalic breeds

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14
Q

What dietary deficiency can cause neonatal hydrocephalus?

A

Vitamin A deficiency

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15
Q

Which part of the brain is dilated with blockage in the interventricular foramen between lateral and third ventricle?

A

Unilateral dilation of affected lateral ventricle

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16
Q

Which part of the brain is dilated with blockage of the mesencephalic aqueduct?

A

Bilateral dilation of lateral ventricles, third ventricle and cranial part of mesencephalic aqueduct

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17
Q

What part of the brain will be dilated with a blockage of resorption?

A

Everything will be dilated

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18
Q

What do you see grossly with hydrocephalus?

A

An enlarged dome skull with prominent fontanelles

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19
Q

What do you see on necropsy with hydrocephalus (three)?

A
  1. Atrophy and loss of interventricular septum pellucidum
  2. Loss of white matter
  3. Flattening of gyri
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20
Q

Which breeds of dog have no clinical signs of hydrocephalus?

A

Toy and brachycephalic dog breeds (same as the breeds that are prone to this condition congenitally)

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21
Q

What is occipital dysplasia?

A

An underdeveloped occipital bone that results in a ‘keyhole’ shaped foramen magnum (incidental finding)

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22
Q

Occipital dysplasia is incidentally found in which dog breeds?

A

Toy dog breeds

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23
Q

What bacteria causes listeriosis?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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24
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is gram ___________

A

Positive

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25
True or False: Listeriosis is not zoonotic
False, it is zoonotic! However, it's not very common so don't worry too much.
26
What is the pathogenesis of meningoencephalitis?
1. Consumption of improperly prepared silage (contaminated by soil, pH >5.4, moist) that contains high numbers of bacteria (more common in winter months) 2. Trauma to the oral mucosa then allows bacterial invasion 3. Migration of bacteria to trigeminal ganglia and then to brainstem via retrograde axonal transport
27
What are three disease presentations that occur with listeriosis?
1. Meningoencephalitis 2. Abortion/stillbirth 3. Septicemia
28
What are the clinical signs of listeriosis (three)?
- Circling - Torticollis (stiff neck) - Death in a few days
29
What do you see histologically with listeriosis?
Microabscesses (with predominantly neutrophils)
30
What bacteria causes thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME)?
Histophilus somni
31
Histophilus somni is gram ____________
Negative
32
What is the main disease presentation for thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME)?
Meningoencephalitis
33
Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) is most common in what species?
Feedlot cattle (young adults around 6-12 months)
34
What do you see histologically with thrombotic meningoencephalitis?
Vasculitis and vascular necrosis leading to thrombosis and infarction
35
What condition does enterotoxemia of sheep and goats cause?
Focal symmetric encephalomalacia
36
What is another name for focal symmetric encephalomalacia of sheep and goats (two)?
Pulpy kidney disease or over-eating disease
37
What type of bacteria causes symmetric encephalomalacia of sheep and goats?
Clostridium perfringens type D
38
Clostridium perfringens type D produces which toxin?
Epsilon toxin
39
What is a symptom of symmetric encephalomalacia in sheep?
Glucosuria
40
What is edema disease of pigs also called?
Enterotoxemic colibacillosis
41
What bacteria causes enterotoxemic colibacillosis?
E. coli
42
What toxin does E. coli produce?
SLT-lle (Shiga like toxin-IIe)
43
What pathology does enterotoxemic colibacillosis cause?
Vascular damage
44
What type of pigs does edema disease target?
Rapidly growing, healthy feeder pigs (6-14 wk) on high energy diet
45
What do you see on necropsy with pig edema disease?
Vascular necrosis of smooth muscle of small arteries and veins of brain
46
What do you see histologically with pig edema disease?
Bilaterally symmetric areas of malacia in caudal medulla
47
What fungus causes cryptococcosis?
Cryptococcus neoformans
48
Cryptococcosis is more common in which species?
Cats, but dogs and horses also get it
49
What are the gross CNS lesions seen with cryptococcosis?
Cystic gelatinous lesions
50
What do you see histologically with cryptococcosis (two)?
- A 'soap-bubble' appearance - Yeast surrounded by a wide clear non-staining capsule and that show narrow based budding
51
________ are the definitive host for Neospora caninum and ________ are the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii
Canids, felids
52
What do Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum cause in ruminants?
Abortions
53
What can both Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum cause in the CNS?
Non-suppurative encephalomyelitis and polyradiculoneuritis (inflammation of nerve roots)
54
Which of the following types of inflammation is classically associated with viral infections of the brain?
Non-suppurative encephalitis
55
What is the main clinical sign of nervous coccidiosis of calves?
Neonatal diarrhea
56
Nervous coccidiosis affects calves mostly of which age ranges?
1 month - 1 year old
57
What is the pathogenesis of nervous coccidiosis of calves?
Trick question - the pathogenesis is not established! We don't really know what it is plus we don't really see any gross or histological lesions.
58
What nematode causes roundworm in raccoons?
Baylisascaris procyonis
59
True or False: Baylisascaris procyonis is zoonotic
True
60
What do you see histologically with Baylisascaris procyonis?
Eosinophilic encephalitis with larvae
61
Which two species are most commonly infected by Baylisascaris procyonis?
Dogs and avian species
62
True or False: Infectious Baylisascaris procyonis eggs are VERY resistant in the environment
True
63
What is the main cellular target of canine distemper virus?
Macrophages
64
What three body systems does canine distemper virus affect?
1. Lung 2. GI tract 3. CNS
65
How is canine distemper virus mainly transmitted?
Aerosol
66
What major clinical signs do you see with canine distemper virus (five)?
- Rhinitis (nasal discharge) - Conjunctivitis - Pneumonia - Hyperkeratosis of footpads and nose - Enamel hypoplasia
67
What does canine distemper virus result in (two)?
Immunosuppression and secondary infections
68
What do you see histologically with canine distemper virus (two)?
- Demyelination seen as white matter vacuolation - Intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies
69
Which virus causes equine encephalomyelitis?
West nile virus
70
What part of the brain does west nile virus target?
Gray matter and neurons
71
What is the main similarity between west nile virus and all the different types of equine encephalomyelitis?
All have life cycles involving mosquitoes and birds
72
What can west nile virus cause in horses?
Polioencephalomyelitis
73
Maedni Visna (MV) mostly affects which species?
Sheep
74
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) mostly affects which species?
Goats
75
What are the four body systems that lentiviruses target?
1. CNS 2. Lung 3. Joints 4. Mammary gland
76
What lesions do lentiviruses cause?
Hygromas
77
How are small ruminant lentiviruses transmitted?
Vertically through colostrum or milk
78
What cells do lentiviruses target?
Monocytes/macrophages
79
What do we see with CARV in goat kids?
Neurological disease (< 4 months old)
80
What part of the brain do lentiviruses target?
White matter
81
Lentiviruses target _________ matter of the brain while west nile virus targets ____________ of the brain
White, grey
82
Where does rabies virus bind?
It binds to acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions
83
What type of transport does rabies virus use?
Fast retrograde axonal transport to the CNS
84
All mammals can be affected by rabies virus, but which two species are less affected?
Small rodents (ex. hamsters) and lagomorphs (ex. rabbits)
85
What are the three phases of rabies?
1. Prodromal 2. Excitatory 3. Paralytic
86
How do you know which form of rabies will predominate?
It is based on which phase predominates.
87
What type of paralysis is seen in rabies?
Flaccid paralysis
88
What do you see histologically with rabies?
Negri bodies (eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions)

Systemic Path (35 decks)

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