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Systemic Path > Resp 1 > Flashcards

Resp 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what mucosa lines each of the 3 systems?

A

1:conducting system - pseudostraified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
2: transitional system: pseudostraified columnar ciliated epithelium - NO GOBLET CELLS
3: exchange system: type 1 pneumocytes & type 2 pneumocytes

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2
Q

Respiratory tract divided into 3 systems:

A

1:conducting system
2: transitional system
3: exchange system

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3
Q

the nasal cavities are divided by

A

curled shelves of bone covered by a mucous membrane called turbinates or conchae

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4
Q

air from the nasal cavity can enter the pharynx through openings called

A

choanae
air can also enter the pharynx through the oral-cavity

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5
Q

what is the pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs’ importance

A

medication or feed can get impacted here and cause resp problems in the pig

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6
Q

what are air sacs

A

another upper respiratory adaption - found in birds and some non-human primates

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7
Q

respiratory system functions

A

-air conduction
- air conditioning (heat + moisture)
- air filtration and immune defence
- smell
- vocalization

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8
Q

congenital components of brachiocephalic airway syndrome

A
  1. stenotic nares
  2. elongated soft palate
  3. tracheal/laryngeal hypoplasia
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9
Q

the congenital malformations of the upper respiratory tract in brachycephalic animals lead to increased

A

respiratory effort

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10
Q

prolonged increased respiratory effort leads to secondary acquired malformations, including:

A

-everted laryngeal saccules
-everted tonsils
-hypertrophied and folded pharyngeal mucosa
-laryngeal edema and collapse
-tracheal collapse

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11
Q

Laryngeal paralysis in horses predominantly affects the

A

left side of the larynx

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12
Q

why is the left side of the larynx more commonly affected by laryngeal paralysis in horses??

A

axons of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve are much longer and therefore more susceptible to damage/degeneration

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13
Q

other things that can cause laryngeal paralysis?

A

anesthesia + hepatic encephalopathy

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14
Q

what does laryngeal paralysis in cases of anesthesia or hepatic encephalopathy look like?

A

bilateral

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15
Q

horses vs dogs laryngeal paralysis

A

horses - usually unilateral whereas dogs - usually bilateral
dogs - more likely to be caused by generalized neuromuscular disorders

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16
Q

types of inflammation in upper resp system include (5)

A

serous rhinitis
catarrhal
purulent
fibrinous
granulomatous

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17
Q

serous rhinitis

A

red, runny nose producing clear, watery fluid
mild clinical condition, often associated with cold weather/mild irritants (winter walk)

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18
Q

catarrhal inflammation

A

similar to serous rhinitis but increased serous and mucus secretion
runny nose with abundant thick, clear fluid (like ugly crying)

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19
Q

catarrhal inflammation may be associated with

A

chronic rhinitis such as idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis in dogs (less commonly in cats)

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20
Q

purulent (suppurative) inflammation

A

neutrophilic exudate, usually accompanied by mucosal necrosis and usually associated with bacterial or less commonly fungal infection

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21
Q

fibrinous inflammation

A

suppurative inflammation with increased vascular permeability (scrambled eggs texture)
- often associated with bacterial or fungal infection

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22
Q

fibrinous inflammation may form

A

fibronecrotic membranes (aka diphtheritic membranes) composed of necrotic debris, fibrin, and suppurative inflammation that forms a pseudomembrane adhering to underlying eroded or ulcerated mucosal surface

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23
Q

granulomatous inflammation

A

usually associated with fungal infection or mycobacteria (cottage cheese or stiff cream cheese type consistency exudate)
often associated with chronic inflammation of some kind or idiopathic

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24
Q

feline calicivirus clinical signs

A

ocular and nasal discharge, ORAL ULCERS (characteristic lesion of feline calicivirus, NOT common with feline herpes virus), conjunctivitis

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25
Q

there are 2 forms of atrophic rhinitis in pigs

A

non-progressive atrophic rhinitis (NPAR)
progressive atrophic rhinitis (PAR)

26
Q

NPAR is caused by

A

bordetella bronchiseptica REMEMBER SPELLING !!!

27
Q

NPAR infection causes what clinical signs

A

mild transient sneezing and nasal discharge
- minimal to no herd health significance
less important than PAR

28
Q

PAR is due to infection with

A

pasteurella multicoda

29
Q

Type _______ strains of Pasteurella multicoda are more often associated with atrophic rhinitis than Type A strains

A

D

30
Q

the strains of pasturella multocida causing atrophic rhinitis produce

A

potent cytotoxins that inhibit bone formation and promote bone resorption - leading to the deformation of the turbinates and the snout

31
Q

there is often co-infection (PAR) with

A

bordetella bronchiseptica which may produce a dermonecrotic toxin

32
Q

progressive atrophic rhinitis is clinically associated with

A

snout distortion, atrophy, and malformation of nasal turbinates

33
Q

both types of atrophic rhinitis are frequently

A

multifactorial and can involve a variety of other pathogens (including viral agents)
- air quality can also influence severity of disease

34
Q

pasteurella multicoda is not able to colonize the nasal mucosa very well unless the mucosal surface has been breached / ulcerated by another pathogen. This is most commonly done by

A

toxin-producing strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica

35
Q

which bacterial strains can be cultured from a nasal swab through PCR

A

pasteurella and bordetella

36
Q

diagnosis of PAR requires

A

toxin detection through PCR or ELISA

37
Q

because PAR and NPAR can be identical grossly, its essential that

A

culture be used to distinguish between them

38
Q

to prove PAR, culture alone is not adequate because there are many strains of P. multicoda that do not produce the cytotoxin, so you MUST

A

isolate the associated toxin using PCR or ELISA

39
Q

the mucosa of the conducting system and some of the transitional system is composed of

A

psuedostratified, ciliated respiratory epithelial cells

40
Q

the amount of cartilage and smooth muscle surrounding bronchi _______________ as the diameter of the airway gets smaller

A

decreases

41
Q

is there cartilage lining bronchioles?

A

no! but there is smooth muscle, especially in larger bronchioles

42
Q

bronchioles have ________ cartilage, _________ smooth muscle, ________ glands and mucus cells

A

no, little, no

43
Q

do bronchioles have a mucociliary apparatus

A

NO!

44
Q

epithelium of the bronchioles has __________ ciliated cells (compared to bronchi)

A

fewer

45
Q

do bronchioles or bronchi have more defence mechanisms?

A

bronchi! Bronchioles do not have any mucociliary apparatus, no goblet cells, fewer ciliated cells, and less structural support (no cartilage)
bronchioles therefore more susceptible to infection

46
Q

are bronchioles or bronchi more susceptible to collapse?

A

bronchioles !!!! no cartilage

47
Q

are type 2 pneumocytes as numerous as type 1 cells?

A

yes, but because they are not flattened, cover only 5% of the alveolar air surface

48
Q

what are progenitor cells for type 1 pneumocytes?

A

type 2 pneumocytes

49
Q

the vulnerability of the resp system to airborne injury is primarily because of?

A
  1. extensive surface area of the alveoli, which are the interface between the blood in alveolar capillaries and inspired air
  2. the large volume of air passing continuously into the lungs
  3. the high concentration of noxious elements that can be present in air
50
Q

club cells (formerly Clara cells) are found in

A

bronchioles

51
Q

club cells are involved in

A

detoxification of xenobiotics (foreign material) via mixed function oxidases

52
Q

club cells produce protective secretions against

A

oxidative stress and inflammation

53
Q

club cells also produce

A

surfactant

54
Q

conducting system defence mechanisms

A

mucociliary clearance, antibodies, lysozyme, mucus, coughing, sneezing

55
Q

transitional system defence mechanisms

A

club cells, antioxidants, lysozyme, antibodies

56
Q

exchange system defence mechanisms

A

alveolar macrophages, intravascular macrophages, opsonizing antibodies, surfactant, antioxidants

57
Q

portals of entry into the respiratory system

A

aerogenous (inhalation), hematogenous (blood-borne), direct extension (penetrating wounds, migrating foreign bodies, etc)

58
Q

examples of aerogenous agents

A

virus, bacteria, fungus, toxic gases, pneumotoxicants

59
Q

examples of hematogenous agents

A

virus, bacteria, parasites, toxins, and pneumotoxicants

60
Q

if the pulmonary defences are impaired, then the efficiency of the lung at emilinating bacteria is

A

greatly decreased

61
Q
A

Systemic Path (19 decks)

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