Resp 1

Question 1

what mucosa lines each of the 3 systems?

Answer 1

1:conducting system - pseudostraified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
2: transitional system: pseudostraified columnar ciliated epithelium - NO GOBLET CELLS
3: exchange system: type 1 pneumocytes & type 2 pneumocytes

Question 2

Respiratory tract divided into 3 systems:

Answer 2

1:conducting system
2: transitional system
3: exchange system

Question 3

the nasal cavities are divided by

Answer 3

curled shelves of bone covered by a mucous membrane called turbinates or conchae

Question 4

air from the nasal cavity can enter the pharynx through openings called

Answer 4

choanae
air can also enter the pharynx through the oral-cavity

Question 5

what is the pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs’ importance

Answer 5

medication or feed can get impacted here and cause resp problems in the pig

Question 6

what are air sacs

Answer 6

another upper respiratory adaption - found in birds and some non-human primates

Question 7

respiratory system functions

Answer 7

-air conduction
- air conditioning (heat + moisture)
- air filtration and immune defence
- smell
- vocalization

Question 8

congenital components of brachiocephalic airway syndrome

Answer 8

1. stenotic nares
2. elongated soft palate
3. tracheal/laryngeal hypoplasia

Question 9

the congenital malformations of the upper respiratory tract in brachycephalic animals lead to increased

Answer 9

respiratory effort

Question 10

prolonged increased respiratory effort leads to secondary acquired malformations, including:

Answer 10

-everted laryngeal saccules
-everted tonsils
-hypertrophied and folded pharyngeal mucosa
-laryngeal edema and collapse
-tracheal collapse

Question 11

Laryngeal paralysis in horses predominantly affects the

Answer 11

left side of the larynx

Question 12

why is the left side of the larynx more commonly affected by laryngeal paralysis in horses??

Answer 12

axons of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve are much longer and therefore more susceptible to damage/degeneration

Question 13

other things that can cause laryngeal paralysis?

Answer 13

anesthesia + hepatic encephalopathy

Question 14

what does laryngeal paralysis in cases of anesthesia or hepatic encephalopathy look like?

Answer 14

bilateral

Question 15

horses vs dogs laryngeal paralysis

Answer 15

horses - usually unilateral whereas dogs - usually bilateral
dogs - more likely to be caused by generalized neuromuscular disorders

Question 16

types of inflammation in upper resp system include (5)

Answer 16

serous rhinitis
catarrhal
purulent
fibrinous
granulomatous

Question 17

serous rhinitis

Answer 17

red, runny nose producing clear, watery fluid
mild clinical condition, often associated with cold weather/mild irritants (winter walk)

Question 18

catarrhal inflammation

Answer 18

similar to serous rhinitis but increased serous and mucus secretion
runny nose with abundant thick, clear fluid (like ugly crying)

Question 19

catarrhal inflammation may be associated with

Answer 19

chronic rhinitis such as idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis in dogs (less commonly in cats)

Question 20

purulent (suppurative) inflammation

Answer 20

neutrophilic exudate, usually accompanied by mucosal necrosis and usually associated with bacterial or less commonly fungal infection

Question 21

fibrinous inflammation

Answer 21

suppurative inflammation with increased vascular permeability (scrambled eggs texture)
- often associated with bacterial or fungal infection

Question 22

fibrinous inflammation may form

Answer 22

fibronecrotic membranes (aka diphtheritic membranes) composed of necrotic debris, fibrin, and suppurative inflammation that forms a pseudomembrane adhering to underlying eroded or ulcerated mucosal surface

Question 23

granulomatous inflammation

Answer 23

usually associated with fungal infection or mycobacteria (cottage cheese or stiff cream cheese type consistency exudate)
often associated with chronic inflammation of some kind or idiopathic

Question 24

feline calicivirus clinical signs

Answer 24

ocular and nasal discharge, ORAL ULCERS (characteristic lesion of feline calicivirus, NOT common with feline herpes virus), conjunctivitis

Question 25

there are 2 forms of atrophic rhinitis in pigs

Answer 25

non-progressive atrophic rhinitis (NPAR) progressive atrophic rhinitis (PAR)

Question 26

NPAR is caused by

Answer 26

bordetella bronchiseptica REMEMBER SPELLING !!!

Question 27

NPAR infection causes what clinical signs

Answer 27

mild transient sneezing and nasal discharge - minimal to no herd health significance less important than PAR

Question 28

PAR is due to infection with

Answer 28

pasteurella multicoda

Question 29

Type _______ strains of Pasteurella multicoda are more often associated with atrophic rhinitis than Type A strains

Answer 29

D

Question 30

the strains of pasturella multocida causing atrophic rhinitis produce

Answer 30

potent cytotoxins that inhibit bone formation and promote bone resorption - leading to the deformation of the turbinates and the snout

Question 31

there is often co-infection (PAR) with

Answer 31

bordetella bronchiseptica which may produce a dermonecrotic toxin

Question 32

progressive atrophic rhinitis is clinically associated with

Answer 32

snout distortion, atrophy, and malformation of nasal turbinates

Question 33

both types of atrophic rhinitis are frequently

Answer 33

multifactorial and can involve a variety of other pathogens (including viral agents) - air quality can also influence severity of disease

Question 34

pasteurella multicoda is not able to colonize the nasal mucosa very well unless the mucosal surface has been breached / ulcerated by another pathogen. This is most commonly done by

Answer 34

toxin-producing strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica

Question 35

which bacterial strains can be cultured from a nasal swab through PCR

Answer 35

pasteurella and bordetella

Question 36

diagnosis of PAR requires

Answer 36

toxin detection through PCR or ELISA

Question 37

because PAR and NPAR can be identical grossly, its essential that

Answer 37

culture be used to distinguish between them

Question 38

to prove PAR, culture alone is not adequate because there are many strains of P. multicoda that do not produce the cytotoxin, so you MUST

Answer 38

isolate the associated toxin using PCR or ELISA

Question 39

the mucosa of the conducting system and some of the transitional system is composed of

Answer 39

psuedostratified, ciliated respiratory epithelial cells

Question 40

the amount of cartilage and smooth muscle surrounding bronchi _______________ as the diameter of the airway gets smaller

Answer 40

decreases

Question 41

is there cartilage lining bronchioles?

Answer 41

no! but there is smooth muscle, especially in larger bronchioles

Question 42

bronchioles have ________ cartilage, _________ smooth muscle, ________ glands and mucus cells

Answer 42

no, little, no

Question 43

do bronchioles have a mucociliary apparatus

Answer 43

NO!

Question 44

epithelium of the bronchioles has __________ ciliated cells (compared to bronchi)

Answer 44

fewer

Question 45

do bronchioles or bronchi have more defence mechanisms?

Answer 45

bronchi! Bronchioles do not have any mucociliary apparatus, no goblet cells, fewer ciliated cells, and less structural support (no cartilage) bronchioles therefore more susceptible to infection

Question 46

are bronchioles or bronchi more susceptible to collapse?

Answer 46

bronchioles !!!! no cartilage

Question 47

are type 2 pneumocytes as numerous as type 1 cells?

Answer 47

yes, but because they are not flattened, cover only 5% of the alveolar air surface

Question 48

what are progenitor cells for type 1 pneumocytes?

Answer 48

type 2 pneumocytes

Question 49

the vulnerability of the resp system to airborne injury is primarily because of?

Answer 49

1. extensive surface area of the alveoli, which are the interface between the blood in alveolar capillaries and inspired air 2. the large volume of air passing continuously into the lungs 3. the high concentration of noxious elements that can be present in air

Question 50

club cells (formerly Clara cells) are found in

Answer 50

bronchioles

Question 51

club cells are involved in

Answer 51

detoxification of xenobiotics (foreign material) via mixed function oxidases

Question 52

club cells produce protective secretions against

Answer 52

oxidative stress and inflammation

Question 53

club cells also produce

Answer 53

surfactant

Question 54

conducting system defence mechanisms

Answer 54

mucociliary clearance, antibodies, lysozyme, mucus, coughing, sneezing

Question 55

transitional system defence mechanisms

Answer 55

club cells, antioxidants, lysozyme, antibodies

Question 56

exchange system defence mechanisms

Answer 56

alveolar macrophages, intravascular macrophages, opsonizing antibodies, surfactant, antioxidants

Question 57

portals of entry into the respiratory system

Answer 57

aerogenous (inhalation), hematogenous (blood-borne), direct extension (penetrating wounds, migrating foreign bodies, etc)

Question 58

examples of aerogenous agents

Answer 58

virus, bacteria, fungus, toxic gases, pneumotoxicants

Question 59

examples of hematogenous agents

Answer 59

virus, bacteria, parasites, toxins, and pneumotoxicants

Question 60

if the pulmonary defences are impaired, then the efficiency of the lung at emilinating bacteria is

Answer 60

greatly decreased