Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Systemic Path > Endocrine 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine 1 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine glands are

A

collections of specialized cells that synthesize, store, and release hormones to maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hormones produced by endocrine cells enter the bloodstream and act on ________ __________ ________

A

distant target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

endocrine diseases are often associated with a wide variety of

A

biochemical changes, multi systemic clilnical signs, and lesions outside of the endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hypothalamic neurosecretory cells release which hormones

A

releasing and release-inhibiting hormones [ex - thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone (GnRH)]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the anterior pituitary gland releases which hormones

A

trophic hormones - ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

endocrine glands are subject to all forms of injury but are particularly prone to

A

disturbances in growth - atrophy & proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

proliferation of an endocrine gland can be caused by

A

hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

although there are several mechanisms, the majority of disease processes result in either ____________ or __________ hormone production

A

insufficient (hypo function) or excessive (hyper function) hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

7 mechanisms of endocrine disease

A
  1. hypofunction of an endocrine gland
  2. hyperfunction of an endocrine gland
  3. Hypersecretion of hormones or hormone-like factors by a non-endocrine tumour
  4. dysfunction caused by failure of target cell response
  5. hyperactivity caused by diseases in other organs
  6. dysfunction due to abnormal hormone degradation
  7. Iatrogenic hormone excess
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how many types of hypo function are there

A

2 - primary and secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

primary hypofunction

A

lesion is in gland in question - biochemical defect in synthetic pathway , failed to develop, destruction (immune-mediated or neoplasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

secondary hypo function

A

destructive lesion in one organ leads to hypo function of another, failure of trophic hormone production, usually pituitary lesion (non-functional tumour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hyper function has how many types

A

2 - primary or secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

primary hyperfunction

A

-hyperplastic nodule or neoplasm of endocrine gland
-autonomously secrete a hormone in excess of body’s ability to use/degrade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

secondary hyperfunction

A
  • a lesion in one organ results in stimulation and hyper secretion of hormone in target lesion
  • excess production of trophic hormone
    -pituitary neoplasm (functional)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

example of hyper secretion of hormones or hormone-like factors by a non-endocrine tumour

A

humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy - neoplasm releases PTH neurohormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the pituitary gland has 2 components

A

adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary), neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the adenohypophysis has 2 parts

A

pars distils, pars intermedia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pars distalis has a variety of cells that produce

A

trophic factors - each cell type is under the control of a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what hormones are produces in the pars distails

A

GH, PRL, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which hormones are produced in the pars intermedia

A

ACTH in dogs, MSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the predominant cells in pars intermedia

A

melanotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which hormones are produced in the neurohypophysis

A

oxytocin, ADH
- neurons originate in hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

disorders of the adenohypophysis

A

hypopituitarism & hyperpituitarism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
disorders of neurohypophysis
diabetes insipidus
26
things that can cause hypopituitarism
aplasia and prolonged gestation, pituitary cysts, nonfunctional tumours that destroy the pituitary
27
things that can cause hyperpituitarism
functional (ACTH) secreting tumours
28
examples of functional secreting tumours in hyperpituitarism
-corticotrophin (ACTH- secreting) adenomas - melanotroph adenomas of the pars intermedialis -somatotroph adenomas
29
hypopituitarism - aplasia and prolonged gestation - mechanism
parturition requires intact fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis - if not intact, fetus can't trigger parturition
30
what happens when the dam eats veratrum californicum (skunk cabbage) on day 14 of gestation
a neural tube defect in the fetus that leads to numerous craniofacial defects including cyclopia (1 eye + 1 orbit) and aplasia or malformation of the adenohypophysis
31
veratrum californicum ingestion on day 14 causes (hypo/hyper)pituitarism
hypopituitarism
32
is cyclopia more likely to happen in ruminants or dogs and cats or horses
primarily ruminants
33
pituitary cyst mechanism of hypopituitarism
failure of oropharyngeal ectoderm of Rathke's pouch to differentiate into the pars distils - autosomal recessive in GSD
34
pituitary cyst hypopituitarism condition called
Juvenile panhypopituitarism (pituitary dwarfism)
35
pituitary cyst hypopituitarism presentation
failure to grow, retention of puppy coat - hypoadrenocortism and hypothyroidism
36
hypopituitarism - nonfunctional pituitary neoplasms - most often occur in
dogs & cats
37
nonfunctional pituitary neoplasms - adenomas or carcinomas?
adenomas > carcinomas
38
clinical signs of nonfunctional pituitary neoplasms due to
-hypofunction of pituitary and diminished target organ function (hypothyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism, gonadal atrophy in intact animals) - CNS compression [weakness, ataxia, blindness, diabetes insipidus (no ADH produced)]
39
hyperpituitarism - Corticotroph or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting adenoma is seen most in what species
dogs, but increasingly in cats
40
Corticotroph or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting adenoma - what cells are affected
Corticotrophs of pars distalis or intermedia (dogs)
41
Corticotroph or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- secreting adenoma - what happens to the adrenal gland
**Bilateral** adrenocortical hypertrophy/hyperplasia (zona fasciculata & zona reticularis)
42
ACTH secreting adenoma - clinical syndrome of what
Hyperadrenocorticism (cushing’s disease) - 85-90% of HAC due to pituitary tumour
43
PPID
Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction
44
Facts about PPID
-Most common endocrine dz of horses - horses at around 15 yrs
45
PPID - loss of what inhibition
Loss of dopaminergic inhibition of the pars intermedia
46
PPID - what kind of lesion / adenoma
Melanotroph hyperplasia/adenoma
47
PPID leads to excessive production of
POMC and its derivatives including ACTH
48
Clinical syndrome of PPID is mainly the result of
Hypothalamic/neuropophyseal dysfunction - hypertrichosis - recurrent infections - PU/PD - weight loss - abnormal sweating - laminitis - concurrent equine metabolic syndrome - neurological signs
49
Somatotroph adenoma leads to
Acromegaly - hypersecretion of growth hormone - can end up leading to insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus
50
Problems of the neurohypophysis
Diabetes insipidus (hypophyseal/central, nephrogenic forms)
51
Diabetes insipidus causes an inability to concentrate
Urine - produce large volume of dilute urine and PU/PD
52
Hypophyseal / central form of diabetes insipidus
Inadequate production of ADH -compression/destruction of the neurohypophysis or hypothalamus
53
Nephrogenic form of diabetes insipidus
Inability of target cells in kidney to respond to normal to increased levels of ADH
54
Correct cortical:medullary ratio of adrenal glands
1:2:1 cortical:medullary:cortical ration
55
Cortex adrenal glands 3 layers (listed from outside in)
Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticular is
56
Medulla of adrenal gland produces
Catecholamines (nor + epinephrine)
57
Zona glomerulosa of adrenal glands produce
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) - REGULATES SALT!!!
58
Zona fasciculata secretes
Glucocorticoids - regulates SUGAR
59
Zona reticularis of adrenal glands regulates
Sex hormones
60
Disorders of the adrenal cortex
Hypoadrenocorticism (addison’s dz) Hyperadrenocorticism (cushing’s) Adrenal neoplasia of ferrets
61
Disorders of the adrenal medulla
Neoplasms (pheochromocytoma)
62
Hypoadrenocorticism is most common in
Dogs
63
Addison’s affects _____________ layers of cortex
ALL! All are decreased
64
Signs of addison’s dz
Mineralocorticoid deficiency (severe hyperkalemia, severe hyponatremia) Glucocorticoid deficiency (GI signs, hypoglycemia, low cortisol and no response to ACTH stimulation test) -vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, lethargy, cardiovascular collapse (electrolyte imbalance)
65
Idiopathic adrenocortical atrophy - characterized by
Bilateral adrenal cortical atrophy in young adult dogs
66
Idiopathic adrenocortical atrophy - cause
Unknown, but immune mediated is likely
67
Gross lesions addison’s dz
Often nothing other than really small adrenal glands
68
Cushing’s dz - syndrome of cortisol excess - effects on protein, glucose, and lipids in body
Glyconeogenetic, lipolytic, protein catabolic, anti-inflammatory
69
What is one of most common endocrinopathies in dogs
Cushing’s dz - rare in cats, rare in other species
70
Mechanisms of cushing’s disease
1) functional corticotroph (ACTH) pituitary adenoma (85-90%) 2) functional adrenal gland neoplasm (10-15%) 3) iatrogenic
71
What is most common pathogenic mechanism of cushing’s
Functional corticotroph pituitary adenoma
72
Cushing’s dz clinical signs (long one sorry)
-PU/PD -increased appetite -muscular atrophy -pendulous abdomen -lordosis -trembling -straight-legged braced position -cutaneous lesions (alopecia, thin skin, calcification [calcinosus cutis]) -hepatomegaly -secondary infections -impaired wound healing
73
Cause of cushing’s most likely to cause hepatomegaly
Steroid hepatopathy
74
Adrenal cortical neoplasia types
Adenoma & carcinoma
75
Adrenal cortical neoplasia - adenoma
Most common in older dogs - often incidental, but can be functional - usually yellow bc of steroid hormones
76
Adrenal cortical carcinoma
Less common than adenomas -older cattle and dogs -can be functional; -metastasis to liver, kidney, lymph nodes, and lungs
77
Adrenal disease in ferrets - happens most in
Females > males - extremely common !!!!
78
Adrenal disease in ferrets linked to
Early gonadectomy
79
Adrenal dz in ferrets - spectrum of proliferative lesions that cause same clinical syndrome
Hyperplasia (45%) = carcinoma (45%) > adenomas (10%) - can be unilateral or bilateral
80
Adrenal dz in ferrets - affects which layer of the cortex
Zona reticularis (sex hormones) - increased estradiol but normal cortisol
81
Clinical signs of ferret adrenal disease
Bilaterally symmetrical alopecia (both sexes) Enlarged vulva Prostatic enlargement and urethral obstruction Pancytopenia (both sexes)
82
Pheochromocytoma is the most common tumour of
Adrenal medulla
83
Who normally gets pheochromocytoma
Dogs & bulls
84
are pheochromocytoma benign or malignant
both forms exist
85
are pheochromocytomas functional?
some are functional - excessive catecholamine release - cause hypertension
86
pheochromocytoma appearance
arise in the medulla - dark red and compress the adjacent cortex

Systemic Path (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions