Cardio 1 Flashcards
Mesothelioma may arise within the pericardial cavity from pericardial mesothelial cells. Where else in the body can mesothelioma arise?
The pleural cavities and the peritoneal cavity.
Which is the lower pressure system: the pulmonary or systemic circulation?
Pulmonary circulation is lower pressure
Is dysfunction of the mitral valve more likely to cause left-sided heart failure or right-sided heart failure?
Left-sided heart failure
Name the heart valve at the outflow of the left atrium.
Left atrioventricular valve (“mitral” valve)
In which direction (left to right or right to left) does blood flow in a patent foramen ovale? And why?
Left to right (postnatally). This is because the pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium.
You are performing a necropsy on a pig. As you peel the pericardial sac off the heart you are reminded of the appearance of soft butter when two slices of bread are peeled apart. What are you dealing with? And what is the most likely cause?
Fibrinous or fibrinosuppurative pericarditis; either is fine. [NOT fibrous pericarditis, hemopericardium, hydropericardium, or intrapericardial injection of spreadable dairy products.] In pigs this is typically caused by bacterial septicemia, e.g., Haemophilus parasuis
Which is the higher pressure system: the pulmonary or systemic circulation?
Systemic circulation is higher pressure
There are six short- and long-term compensations that help maintain cardiac output for a while in the face of cardiac disease. The first is increased heart rate. What are the other five?
(1) Increased heart rate
(2) Increased peripheral resistance
(3) Increased blood volume
(4) Redistribution of blood flow
(5) Cardiac dilation
(6) Myocardial hypertrophy
In which direction (left to right or right to left) does blood flow in a patent ductus arteriosus? And why?
Left to right (postnally). This is because the pressure in the aorta exceeds the pressure in the pulmonary trunk. Blood takes the “path of least resistance” and a proportion of aortic blood is sent via the PDA into the pulmonary trunk. This causes overperfusion of the lungs.
What does the term hemopericardium mean?
The accumulation of whole blood in the pericardial cavity
There are six BASIC pathophysiologic mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction. The first is “pump failure” (i.e., weak contractility and emptying of chambers; impaired filling of chambers). What are the other five?
(1) Pump failure: Weak contractility and emptying of chambers, impaired filling of chambers.
(2) Obstruction to forward blood flow: Valvular stenosis, vascular narrowing, systemic or pulmonary hypertension.
(3) Regurgitant blood flow: Volume overload of chamber behind failing affected valve.
(4) Shunted blood flows from congenital defects: Septal defects in heart, shunts between blood vessels.
(5) Rupture of the heart or a major vessel: Cardiac tamponade, massive internal hemorrhage.
(6) Cardiac conduction disorders (arrhythmias): Failure of synchronized cardiac contraction.
In which domestic species is the congenital cardiac abnormality “PDA” (patent ductus arteriosus) most commonly seen?
Dogs
What is indicated by serous atrophy of epicardial fat?
A negative plane of energy. e.g., anorexia, starvation, cachexia, GIT parasitism etc.
Right-sided heart failure often causes severe edema. Different domestic species manifest edema in different anatomic locations. Which of the following is most typical in a COW with heart failure?
(1) Ascites; (2) Hydrothorax; (3) Subcutaneous edema
(3) Subcutaneous edema
Which side of the heart (right or left) propels blood through the pulmonary circulation?
Right
What is the term for accumulation of serous fluid (i.e., a transudate, not blood or exudate) in the pericardial space?
Hydropericardium
Name the major blood vessels that enter the right atrium.
Cranial vena cava AND caudal vena cava
Name the heart valve at the outflow of the right ventricle.
Pulmonic valve
Is dysfunction of the pulmonic valve more likely to cause left-sided heart failure or right-sided heart failure?
Right-sided heart failure
Right-sided heart failure often causes severe edema. Different domestic species manifest edema in different anatomic locations. Which of the following is most typical in a DOG with heart failure?
(1) Ascites; (2) Hydrothorax; (3) Subcutaneous edema
(1) Ascites
What are three possible reasons for the development of hydrothorax, and what, briefly, is the pathogenesis of each?
(1) Hypoproteinemia (-> decreased colloid oncotic pressure): e.g., liver failure, protein-losing nephropathy, protein-losing enteropathy
(2) Heart failure (-> decreased hydrostatic pressure); may also see ascites or hydrothorax
(3) Widespread vascular injury (-> leakage of plasma and plasma proteins); certain infectious diseases such as heartwater in ruminants, African horse sickness, African swine fever, bovine ephemeral fever … [many are exotic]
Name the major blood vessel that leaves the left ventricle.
Aorta
Right-sided heart failure often causes severe edema. Different domestic species manifest edema in different anatomic locations. Which of the following is most typical in a HORSE with heart failure?
(1) Ascites; (2) Hydrothorax; (3) Subcutaneous edema
(3) Subcutaneous edema
Name the heart valve at the outflow of the left ventricle.
Aortic valve
What is the characteristic non-cardiac lesion seen in ACUTE right-sided heart failure?
Acute passive congestion in liver (-> hepatomegaly)