GI 3

Question 1

On necropsy, a horses ileum is covered in elevated hemorrhagic plaques. What are these, what causes them, and what is their significance

Answer 1

Hemomelasma ilei, an incidental finding due to Strongylus larvae migration

Question 2

A pig’s intestine is covered in bubbles. What the heck is this and what is it’s significance

Answer 2

This is intestinal emphysema, which is an incidental finding in pigs

Question 3

What are the two segmental, congenital abnormalities of the intestine, and how do they differ?

Answer 3

stenosis ( incomplete occlusion of the lumen) and atresia (complete occlusion of the lumen)

Question 4

Atresia coli is the complete occlusion of the colon. in Holstein calves, where does it most commonly occur?

Answer 4

the spiral colon

Question 5

Atresia ani describes an imperforate anus. it is hereditary to what two species?

Answer 5

calves and pigs

Question 6

what is the most common congenital defect of the lower GI tract?

Answer 6

atresia ani

Question 7

What is atresia ani often associated with?

Answer 7

additional malformations (distal spinal column, congenital deformities of the genitourinary tract, intestinal atresia or agenesis)

Question 8

What are the four types of ACQUIRED intestinal obstruction

Answer 8

luminal, mural, external, or functional

Question 9

what is a trichobezoar

Answer 9

mass of hair that accumulates in the GI tract

Question 10

what is a phytobezoar

Answer 10

mass of plant matter that accumulates in the GI tract

Question 11

Name the 5 things that can cause a luminal obstruction in the intestines

Answer 11

1. Foreign bodies
2. trichobezoars/phytobezoars
3. enteroliths
   4.parasites
4. colonic impaction

Question 12

A cat presents at necropsy with intestinal pleating. What was the most likely cause of death?

Answer 12

intestinal luminal obstruction due to a linear foreign body (ie a string)

Question 13

what is an enterolith

Answer 13

mineralizations of magnesium, ammonium, phosphate

Question 14

Where do intestinal luminal obstructions most commonly occur in horses

Answer 14

at the pelvic flexure or the transverse/small colon (due to narrowing and change of direction)

Question 15

what are the two types of mural obstruction of the intestine?

Answer 15

1. jejunal hematoma in dairy cattle
   2.rectal stricture in pigs

Question 16

What species commonly suffers from jejunal hematoma

Answer 16

adult dairy cattle

Question 17

An adult dairy cow presents with segmental intramural and luminal hemorrhage of the short section of the jejunum. What is your diagnosis

Answer 17

jejunal hematoma

Question 18

What bacteria species causes rectal stricture in pigs

Answer 18

Salmonella typhimurium

Question 19

A pig presents at necropsy with necrotizing proctitis, ischemia, and damage to the rectal blood vessels. what is this condition called, and what is it secondary to?

Answer 19

rectal stricture, caused by salmonella typhimurium

Question 20

What is a common extramural cause of intestinal obstruction in horses?

Answer 20

Equine strangulating lipomas

Question 21

what is the step-wise progression of necrosis caused by intestinal displacement>

Answer 21

displacement -> incarceration -> strangulation -> ischemia -> necrosis

Question 22

what is incarceration

Answer 22

fixation of a hernia or entrapped contents that can’t be corrected

Question 23

what is a volvulus

Answer 23

twist in the intestine on the mesenteric axis

Question 24

what is torsion

Answer 24

twist about the long axis of the viscus

Question 25

what is intussusception

Answer 25

telescoping of the intestine

Question 26

what age does intussusception commonly affect

Answer 26

young animals

Question 27

what is the most common intussusception in dogs

Answer 27

ileocolic

Question 28

Which is the correct statement:

a. The intussusceptum receives the intussuscipiens.

b. The intussuscipiens receives the intussusceptum.

Answer 28

B. the intussuscipiens in the recipient

Question 29

internal hernias most commonly occur in what species?

Answer 29

Horses (epiploic foramen entrapment and gastrosplenic ligament entrapment are common)

Question 30

What are two types of external hernias?

Answer 30

inguinal, umbilical, diaphragmatic, ventral. Top two have hereditary components

Question 31

what species commonly experience rectal prolapse

Answer 31

swine, sheep, cattle

Question 32

what is the term for inflammation of the small intestine

Answer 32

enteritis

Question 33

what is the term for inflammation of the colon

Answer 33

colitis

Question 34

what is the term for inflammation of the cecum

Answer 34

typhlitis

Question 35

what is the term for inflammation of the rectum

Answer 35

proctitis

Question 36

What is diphtheritic enteritis

Answer 36

a cast of fibrin and necrotic cells that is ulcerated underneath. Often seen with salmonella infection

Question 37

Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC) cause, grossly, histologically

Answer 37

Secretory neonatal diarrhea caused by toxin production (often k99) in the first 5 days of life for calves. Grossly looks like “pineapple juice” diarrhea. Minimal changes on histology

Question 38

Neonatal diarrhea caused by rotavirus or corona virus affects what age of calf?

Answer 38

5 days - 2 weeks

Question 39

which is more severe: rotavirus or coronavirus

Answer 39

coronavirus

Question 40

T/f: coronavirus causes villi atrophy AND crypt necrosis

Answer 40

true

Question 41

What is the gross appearance of a calf’s intestine that has been infected with coronavirus

Answer 41

grossly apparent fibrin and necrosis