Unit 9 (Modules 45-47) Flashcards
Piaget & a lil vocab (teratogens)
What branch of psychology studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout a life span?
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developmental psychology
A scientist can classify a fertilized egg (it enters a 2-week period of cell division and develops into an rapid embryo) as what?
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zygotes
The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month is called a what?
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embryo
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth is called a what?
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fetus
What kind of agents, such as chemical and viruses, can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm (literally, “monster makers”)?
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teratogens
chemicals = mostly from drugs
What syndrome is classified as physical and cognitive abnormalities in children, caused by a pregnant women’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features?
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fetal alcohol syndrome
What term defines the following?:
the decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
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habituation
What defines biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience?
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maturation
All the mental activites associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating can be called what?
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cognition
What psychologist believed that a child’s mind develops through a series of stages, in an upward march from the newborn’s simple reflexes to the adult’s abstract reasoning power?
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Jean Piaget
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information is called what?
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schema
What two methods are used to help us adjust our schemas (concept that organizes and interprets info)?
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- assimilation
- accommodation
What method helps us with interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas (our current understanding)?
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assimilation
What method helps us with adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information?
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accomodiation
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived is called what?
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object permanence
What are the four major stages in Piaget’s cognitive development?
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- sensorimotor stage
- preoperational stage
- concrete operational stage
- formal operational stage
What stage in Piaget’s theory, is the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activites?
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sensorimotor stage
What stage in Piaget’s cognitive development focuses on the age from birth to nearly 2 years of age?
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sensorimotor stage
What stage in Piaget’s theory, focuses on infants and their perspective of the world in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activites?
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sensorimotor stage
In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, what are the two main focuses that infants have for their perspective on the world?
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- their sensory impressions
- motor activities (movement)
What stage in Piaget’s theory, is the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic?
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preoperational stage
What stage in Piaget’s cognitive development focuses on the age from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age?
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preoperational stage
In Piaget’s preoperational stage, what are two main takeaways involving a child?
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- a child learns to use language
- cannot comprehend concrete logic (does not understand the physical world principles/properties such as size [conservation] and distance)
What stage in Piaget’s theory, is the stage in which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic?
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preoperational stage
What principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects?
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conservation
In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view is caused by what?
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egocentric
People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict can be called what?
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theory of mind
What stage in Piaget’s theory, is the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events?
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concrete operational stage
What stage in Piaget’s cognitive development focuses on the age from about 7 to 11 years of age?
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concrete operational stage
In Piaget’s concrete operational stage, what is the main takeaway that happens for children in this stage?
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- they gain mental operations allowing them to think logically about concrete events
What stage in Piaget’s theory, is the stage of which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events?
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concrete operational stage
What in Piaget’s theory, is the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts?
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formal operatoinal stage
What stage in Piaget’s cognitive development focuses on the age from normally about age 12 and on?
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formal operational stage
In Piaget’s formal operational stage, what is the main takeaway that happens to a child during this stage?
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- children are finally able to think logically about abstract concepts
What stage in Piaget’s theory, is the stage during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts?
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formal operational stage
What’s the difference between concrete operational stage and formal operational stage?
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- concrete operations are carried out on things (start to recognize their characteristics)
- formal operations are carried out on ideas (start to perform abstract thinking and create hypothetical situations)
Piaget emphasived how a child’s mind grows through interaction with what kind of environment?
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[a] physical environment
Vygotsky emphasived how a child’s mind grows through interaction with what kind of environment?
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[a] social environment
What kind of framework offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking?
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scaffold
What disorder appears during childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors?
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autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
