Unit 2 (Modules 4-8) Flashcards
research methods with vocab
After a war or an election, its outcome usually seems obvious. Why is that?
Module 4
Hindsight Bias
What phenomenon describes “what has happened better than what it predicts will happen”?
Module 4
Common Sense
“Hindsight bias, overconfidence, and our tendency to perceive patterns in random events tempt us to overestimate the value of ________ thinking”.
Module 4
Common Sense
“Psychologist Philip Tetlock (1998, 2005) collected more than 27,000 expert predictions of world events.. These predictions, which experts made with 80 confidence on average, were right less than 40 percent of the time”.
These results from the study support/is an example of…
Module 4
Overconfidence
Fill in the blank:
What does a good theory do?
“A good theory produces testable predictions, called ________”.
Module 5
Hypotheses (an hypothesis)
“Our theories can bias our observations.. As a check on [people’s] biases, psychologists report their research with precise, measurable ________ of procedures and concepts”.
Module 5
Operational Definition[s]
When psychologists repeat “the original observations with different participants, materials, and circumstances”, this is called a ________.
Module 5
Replication
Why is replication important? (1)
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
- confirms reliability [in findings]
A theory will be useful if it.. (3)
(3) = 3 answers/parts
Module 5
- organizes observations
- implies predictions [anyone can use to check theory]
- stimulates further research
What is the theory and hypothesis in this following example? (2):
- “When sleep deprived, people remember less the day before”.
- “Sleep boosts memory”.
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 5
- “When sleep deprived, people remember less the day before”. = **Hypothesis **
- “Sleep boosts memory”. = Theory
What method “describes behaviors, often by using case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations”?
Module 5
Descriptive [Method]
What method “associate[s] different factors, or variables” (comparison & contrast)?
Module 5
Correlational [Method]
What method “manipulates variables to discover their effects”?
Module 5
Experimental [Method]
What research method was used in the following (1):
Freud & Little Hans’ [fear of horses = sexuality] Experiment
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
Case Study
What/Which research method suits the following (1):
One of the oldest research methods that “examines[/provides in-depth analyses on] one individual or group in depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all”.
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
Case Study (case studies)
This research method has been [for some] labeled as a “small science” [on budget] and examples can include: “watching chimpanzee societies in the jungle, to videotaping and analyzing parent-child interactions in different cultures, to recording racial differences in students’ self-seating in a school lunchroom”…
Module 5
Naturalistic Observations
What research method involves “recording the natural behaviors of many individuals”?
Module 5
Naturalistic Observation
Which 2 research methods do not explain behavior but rather describe it(2)?
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 5
- Case study
- Naturalistic Observation
What technique “looks at many cases in less depth, asking people to report their behavior or opinions”(1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
[A] Survey
What research method includes asking people questions (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
Surveys & Interviews
Are surveys reliabe (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
No
(wording of questions can change results to fit biases)
The process/act of generalizing “from a few vivid but unrepresentative cases” (1)
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
Sampling Bias
“All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn” can be referred to as a…? (1)
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
Population
“When every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating” defines… (1)
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
Random Sampling
“Naturalistic Observations and Surveys often show us that one trait or behavior tends to coincide with another. In such cases, we say tht the two” may what? (1)
(1) = 1 answer
Module 6
Correlate
What statistical measure “helps us figure how closely two things vary together, and thus how well either one predicts the other”? [Think of +1.0 & -1.0] (1)
(1) = 1 answer
Module 6
[The] Correlational Coefficient
“Anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure” can be called/titled a what?
Module 6
[A] Variable
A graph composing of a “cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables” can be called a what?
Module 6
[A] Scatterplot
“If two sets of scores, such as height and weight, tend to rise or fall together,” the correlation could be classified as a…?
Module 6
Positive Correlation
“If two sets of scores relate inversely, one set going up as the other goes down”, the correlation could be classified as a…?
Module 6
Negative Correlation
What kind of correlation is this?
[https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/gif/scatplo2.gif]
Module 6
Positive
What kind of correlation is this?
[]https://pmstudycircle.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/1-scatter-diagram
Module 6
No Relationship/Zero Relation
What kind of correlation is this?
[https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/gif/scatplo3.gif]
Module 6
Negative
Fill in the blank for the following statement:
The closer the score (coefficient correlation) gets to +1.0 or -1.0, the ________ the correlation gets
Module 6
Stronger
Does correlation prove causation?
Module 6
No
does not explain them
“Mental illness correlates with smoking-meaning that those who experience mental illness are also more likely to be smokers.
Does this tell us anything about what causes mental illness or smoking?”
Module 6
No
Correlation does not prove causation.
“If we believe that dreams forecast actual events, we may notice and recall confirming instances more than disconfirming instances”.
What is this the result of (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 6
Illusory Correlation
What feeds an illusion of control and helps us perceive a relationship where none exists/strong-than-actual (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 6
Illusory Correlation
What statistical measure feeds into the illusion that uncontrollable events correlate with our actions?
Module 6
Regression towards the Mean
What “enables researchers to isolate the effects of one or more factors by (1) manipulating the factors or interest and (2) holding constant (‘controlling’) other factors”?
Module 6
[An] Experiment
In an experiment, the group that receives the treatment is called the…?
Module 6
Experimental Group
In an experiment, the group that does not receive the treatment is called the…?
Module 6
Control Group
“To minimize any preexisting differences between the two groups” in an experiment, researchers do what (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 6
Randomly Assign (Random Assignment)
Fill in the blank of the following statement:
“Unlike correlational stuies, which uncover naturally occurring relationships, an ________ manipulates a variable to determine its effect”.
Module 6
Experiment
When both the participants and those who administer the drug do not know which group is receiving the placebo, this is called a…?
Module 6
Double-Blind Procedure
When the experimental results are caused by expectations alone, this result is caused by what (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 6
[The] Placebo Effect
The factor, in an experimet, that is manipulated is called the….?
Module 6
Independent Variable
Other factors that can potentially influence a study’s results can be called what (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 6
Confounding Variable[s]
The factor, in an experiment, that can vary depending on what takes place is called the what..?
Module 6
Dependent Variable
If an experiment tests what it is supposed to test, this experimental design is called what?
Module 6
Validity
A laboratory experiment “that stimulates and controls important features of everyday life” is called a what?
Module 7
Simplified Reality
“An experiment’s purpose is not to re-createthe exact behaviors of everyday life but to test “ ________.
Module 7
Theoretical Principles
Whta are the ethnic codes under the APA and Britain’s BPS that researchers must follow (4)?
(4) = 4 answers/parts
Module 7
- Obtain informed consent
- Protect participants from greater-than usual harm & discomfort
- Respect Confidentiality
- Fully Debrief People
A post experimental explanation of a study including its purpose and deception is called (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 7
Debriefing
Fill in the blank for the following statement:
Researchers giving potential participants enough info about a study before the study starts/begins is called ________.
Module 7
Informed Consent
“Descriptive, correlational, experimental, and other research designs, statistics are tools that allow [psychologists] to do what (2)?
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 8
- Measure Variables
- Interpret Results
Off-the-top-of-the-head [data] often misreads reality and does what to the public (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 8
- Mislead[s]
Fill in the blank for the following statement:
“Once researchers have gathered their data, they may use ________ to measure and describe characteristics of the group under study”.
Module 8
Descriptive Statistics
One way to assess or convert descriptive statistics into a simple bar graph is through a…?
Module 8
Histogram
What are the three measures of central tendency (3)?
(3) = 3 answers/parts
Module 8
- Mode
- Median
- Mean
What is “the most frequently occurring score or scores” in a distribution called (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 8
Mode
The Arithmetic Average of a distribution or “the total sum of all the scores divided by the number of scores” is called the what (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 8
[The] Mean
What term best fits the following description?:
The midpoint that has half the scores above it and half below it.
Module 8
Median
Fill in the blank for the following statement:
In a symmetrical, bell shaped distribution of scores, the mode, mean and median scores are likely to be ________ to each other.
Module 8
Similar
A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average could be considered a what (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 8
[A] Skewed Distribution
What happens to the mean when a distribution becomes lopsided/skewed (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 8
- Becomes pulled towards the outliers/abnormal scores in data
Outliers/abnormal scores make the graph go lopsided.
What is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 8
[The] Range
What computed measure shows how much individual scores difer from the mean?
Module 8
Standard Deviation
“f your high shcool serves a community where most families have similar incomes, family income data will have a relatively ________ standard deviation comapred with a community with more diverse incomes”.
Module 8
Small
The more spread out the data is, the larger the standard deviation!
What do we call the curve that forms from a bell-shaped distribution?
Module 8
Normal [Curve]
Fill the blank for the following statement:
About ________ perent of scores in a normal distribution fall within one standard deviation on either side of the mean.
Module 8
68 [%]
Fill in the blank for the following statement:
About ________ percent of scores in a normal distribtion fall within two standard deviations on either side of the mean.
Module 8
95 [%]
“The average score in one group could conceivably differ from the average score in another group”.. due to chance fluctuations.
What tool can we use to help us infer how reliable and statisticaly significant the observed differences are compared to a fluke?
Module 8
Inferential Statistics
“Averages based on many cases are ________ reliable than averages based on only a few cases”.
Module 8
More
“When averages from two samples are each reliable measures of their respective populations, then their ________ is probably reliable as well”.
Module 8
Difference
If sample averages are reliable and the difference between them is relatively large, the difference can be classified as…?
Module 8
[A] Statistical Significance
Psychologists do not put much vale in any study unless the probability of the results being due to chance is under ________ %.
(Note: this was stolen from one of the AP Psych Quizzes)
Module 8
5 [%]
Statistical significance indicates the likelihood that a result could have happened by chance, but does not say anything about the what from the result?
Module 8
Importance
