Unit 2 (Modules 4-8) Flashcards
research methods with vocab
After a war or an election, its outcome usually seems obvious. Why is that?
Module 4
Hindsight Bias
What phenomenon describes “what has happened better than what it predicts will happen”?
Module 4
Common Sense
“Hindsight bias, overconfidence, and our tendency to perceive patterns in random events tempt us to overestimate the value of ________ thinking”.
Module 4
Common Sense
“Psychologist Philip Tetlock (1998, 2005) collected more than 27,000 expert predictions of world events.. These predictions, which experts made with 80 confidence on average, were right less than 40 percent of the time”.
These results from the study support/is an example of…
Module 4
Overconfidence
Fill in the blank:
What does a good theory do?
“A good theory produces testable predictions, called ________”.
Module 5
Hypotheses (an hypothesis)
“Our theories can bias our observations.. As a check on [people’s] biases, psychologists report their research with precise, measurable ________ of procedures and concepts”.
Module 5
Operational Definition[s]
When psychologists repeat “the original observations with different participants, materials, and circumstances”, this is called a ________.
Module 5
Replication
Why is replication important? (1)
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
- confirms reliability [in findings]
A theory will be useful if it.. (3)
(3) = 3 answers/parts
Module 5
- organizes observations
- implies predictions [anyone can use to check theory]
- stimulates further research
What is the theory and hypothesis in this following example? (2):
- “When sleep deprived, people remember less the day before”.
- “Sleep boosts memory”.
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 5
- “When sleep deprived, people remember less the day before”. = **Hypothesis **
- “Sleep boosts memory”. = Theory
What method “describes behaviors, often by using case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations”?
Module 5
Descriptive [Method]
What method “associate[s] different factors, or variables” (comparison & contrast)?
Module 5
Correlational [Method]
What method “manipulates variables to discover their effects”?
Module 5
Experimental [Method]
What research method was used in the following (1):
Freud & Little Hans’ [fear of horses = sexuality] Experiment
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
Case Study
What/Which research method suits the following (1):
One of the oldest research methods that “examines[/provides in-depth analyses on] one individual or group in depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all”.
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
Case Study (case studies)
This research method has been [for some] labeled as a “small science” [on budget] and examples can include: “watching chimpanzee societies in the jungle, to videotaping and analyzing parent-child interactions in different cultures, to recording racial differences in students’ self-seating in a school lunchroom”…
Module 5
Naturalistic Observations
What research method involves “recording the natural behaviors of many individuals”?
Module 5
Naturalistic Observation
Which 2 research methods do not explain behavior but rather describe it(2)?
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 5
- Case study
- Naturalistic Observation
What technique “looks at many cases in less depth, asking people to report their behavior or opinions”(1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
[A] Survey
What research method includes asking people questions (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
Surveys & Interviews
Are surveys reliabe (1)?
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
No
(wording of questions can change results to fit biases)
The process/act of generalizing “from a few vivid but unrepresentative cases” (1)
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
Sampling Bias
“All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn” can be referred to as a…? (1)
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
Population
“When every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating” defines… (1)
(1) = 1 answer
Module 5
Random Sampling
