Unit 6 (Modules 26-27) Flashcards
Classical & Operant conditioning
The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called what?
Module 26
learning
What feeds our habitual behaviors and form when we repeat behaviors?
Module 26
learned assocations
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus is called what?
Module 26
habituation
What defines the following?:
Learning that certain events occur together and that the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning)
Module 26
associative learning
The process of learning associations is called conditioning. What two forms does it take?
Module 26
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
Any event or situation that evokes a response is defined as what?
Module 26
stimulus
A behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus is called?
Module 26
respondent behavior
What kind of behavior operates on the environment, producing consequences? (what is it called)
Module 26
operant behavior
The acquisition of mental information, whether by observed events, by watching others, or through language is called what?
Module 26
cognitive learning
basically: acquired mental info that guides behavior
What type of learning links two or more stimuli; as a result, the first stimulus comes to elicit a behavior in anticipation of the second stimulus?
Module 26
classical conditioning
Behaviorism was pitched by what psychologist?
Module 26
John B Watson
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes is called what?
Module 26
behaviorism
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called what?
Module 26
[a] neutral stimulus (NS)
In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (like food in the mouth)) is called what?
Module 26
unconditioned response (UR)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally–naturally and automatically–triggers an unconditioned response (UR) is called a/the what?
Module 26
unconditioned stimulus (US)
In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus is called what?
Module 26
conditioned response (CR)
In classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR) is called a/the what?
Module 26
conditioned stimulus (CS)
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned resopnse is called a what?
Module 26
acquisition
In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response is called a what?
Module 26
acquisition
A procedure in which the conidtioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired iwth a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus, this is called what?
Module 26
higher order conditioning
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinfored is called what?
Module 26
extinction
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response is called a what?
Module 26
spontaneous recovery
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses is called what?
Module 26
generalization
In operant conditioning, what occurs when responses learned in one situation occur in other, similar situations?
Module 26
generalization
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called what?
Module 26
discrimination
- the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli
In operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced is called what?
Module 26
discrimination
What type of learning involves a behavior that becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher?
Module 27
operant conditioning
Who created Law of effect? (principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, same with the reverse)
Module 27
Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949)
What principle states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consquences become less likely (that was also created by Edward L. Thorndike) is called what?
Module 27
law of effect
What in operant conditioning research, is a chamber (also known as Skinner Box) that contains a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer?
Module 27
operant chamber
What defines the following?:
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and clsoer approximations of the desired behavior
Module 27
shaping
In operant conditioning, what stimulus elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast) to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement?
Module 27
discriminative stimulus
What reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a resopnse, strengthens the response? (increasing behaviors by presenting said reinforcers)?
Module 27
positive reinforcement
What reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli)?
Module 27
negative reinforcement
What is an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need?
Module 27
primary reinforcer
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer, also known as a secondary reinforcer is called what?
Module 27
conditioned reinforcer
What defines the following?
A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Module 27
reinforcement schedule
What schedule defines the following?
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Module 27
continous reinforcement schedule
What schedule defines the following?
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a respone but much greater resistance to extinction than does continous reinforcement
Module 27
partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule
What schedule defines the following?
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Module 27
fixed-ratio schedule
What schedule defines the following?
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Module 27
variable-ratio schedule
What schedule defines the following?
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elasped
Module 27
fixed-interval schedule
What schedule defines the following?
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Module 27
variable-interval schedule
An event that tends to decrease that behavior that it follows is called waht?
Module 27
punishment
