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psychology > Unit 3 (Module 9) > Flashcards

Unit 3 (Module 9) Flashcards

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1
Q

What concept drives the idea that various brain regions have particular functions?

Module 9

A

localization of function

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2
Q

A system that is composed of subsystems that in turn are composed of even smaller subsystems defines what term?

Module 9

A

biopsychological systems

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3
Q

Yes or No:

Could you distinguish between small samples of brain tissue which is human and which is monkey?

Module 9

A

No

Systems operate very similarly.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank for the following:

Similarity (between animals & humans) allows researchers to ____________ relatively simple animals to understand neural systems.

Module 9

A

study

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5
Q

Our body’s neural information system is made up of what building blocks?

Module 9

A

neurons (nerve cells)

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6
Q

True or False:

Throughout life, new neurons are born and unused neurons wither away.

Module 9

A

True

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7
Q

What part of the neuron contains the nucleus (the cell’s life-support center)?

Module 9

A

[the] cell body

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8
Q

What part of the neuron is made up of branching fibers that receive and integrate information towards the cell body?

Module 9

A

dendrites

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9
Q

What defines the following?:

The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands?

Module 9

A

axon

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10
Q

The layer of fatty tissue that insulates axons and speed up their impulses is called a what?

Module 9

A

myelin sheath

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11
Q

What condition occurs when the myelin sheath degenerates?

Module 9

A

multiple sclerosis

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12
Q

What cells are in the nervous system that provide nutrients, insulation for myelin, guidance for neural connections and mop up ions and neurotransmitters (along with play a role in learning thinking and memory)?

Module 9

A

glial cells (glia)

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13
Q

What word labels the following?:

A neural impulse that travels at speeds ranging from a sluggish 2mph to more than 200mph

Module 9

A

action potential

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14
Q

Like batteries, neurons generate electricity from chemical events. During the neuron’s chemistry-to-electricity process, what are exchanged?

Module 9

A

Ions

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15
Q

Fill in the blank:

The fluid outside an axon’s membrane has mostly positively charged ____________ ions.

Module 9

A

sodium

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16
Q

Fill in the blank:

A resting axon’s fluid interior has mostly a ____________ charge.

Module 9

A

negative

17
Q

During an axon’s resting phase the fluid interior is made up of mostly large negative charged protein ions and smaller, positively charged what?

Module 9

A

potassium ions

18
Q

The axon’s surface is compared to a tightly guarded facility. We say in scientific terms the axon’s surface is what?

Module 9

A

selectively permable

19
Q

Fill in the blank for the following:

A positive outside and negative inside state in a neuron is called the ____________.

Module 9

A

resting potential

20
Q

When a neuron fires, the security measures change, the first section in the axon opens its gates and what floods to the inside?

Module 9

A

sodium ions

21
Q

The loss of the inside/outside charge difference that causes the next section of axon channels to open (like dominoes) allowing potassium ions to flow out is called a what?

Module 9

A

depolarization

22
Q

Fill in the blank for the following:

Most neural signals are ____________, somewhat like pushing a neuron’s gas pedal while some are ____________, more like the neuron’s pushing its brake. (2)

(2) = 2 answers/parts

Module 9

A
  • Excitatory
  • Inhibitory
23
Q

What can be defined as the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impluse?

Module 9

A

threshold

24
Q

When the excitatory signals exceed the inhibitory signals by a minimun intensity (threshold), the combined signals trigger a what?

Module 9

A

[an] action potential

25
Q

Neurons need very tiny breaks after firing, the resting pause is called a what?

Module 9

A

refractory period

26
Q

True or False:

Increasing the level stimulation above the threshold will increase the neural impluse’s intensity.

Module 9

A

False

all-or-none response

27
Q

A neurons reaction of either firing (with a full strength response) or not firing is called the?

Module 9

A

all-or-none response

they either fire or don’t

28
Q

A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire and fire more often, but does not affect what two things? (2)

(2) = 2 answers/parts

Module 9

A
  • action potential
  • speed
29
Q

Fill in the blank for the following:

When triggering an action potential, the neuron stimulation causes the electrical charge to go above the ____________ mv threshold.

Module 9

A

-55

30
Q

What is the axon membrane’s electrical charge in milivolts during resting potential? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 9

A

-70 milivolts [mv]

31
Q

The meeting point between neurons is called a what?

Module 9

A

Synapse

32
Q

What is the gap between the terminal of one neuron from the receiving neuron called?

Module 9

A

synaptic gap (synoptic cleft)

33
Q

When an action potential reaches the terminal (an axon’s end), it triggers the release of what?

Module 9

A

neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)

34
Q

Neurotransmitters can either be broken down and drift away or become reabsorbed by the sending neuron through a process called?

Module 9

A

reuptake

35
Q

What is the most understood neurotransmitter that is also the messenger at every junction between motor neurons and sketal muscles?

Module 9

A

acetylcholine (ACH)

36
Q

What neurotransmitter molecule is similar to morphine (opiates) and is linked to pleasure and pain control?

Module 9

A

endorphins

37
Q

Drugs and other chemicals affect brain chemistry, often by either exciting or inhibiting neurons’ firing.
What kind of molecules increase a neurotransmitter’s action (such as increase or release the production of neurotransmitters or block reuptake)?

Module 9

A

agonist

38
Q

What molecule decreases a neurotransmitter’s action by blocking production or release?

Module 9

A

antagonist

psychology (25 decks)

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