Unit 4 (Modules 20-21) Flashcards
senses & ear anatomy
Soundwaves first hit what part of the ear? What does the soundwaves cause that part to do? (2)
(2) = 2 parts/answers
Module 20
- the eardrum
- causes it to vibrate
The middle ear is composed of how many tiny bones? What are the names of each tiny bone? (2)
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 20
- 3
- hammer (malleus)
- anvil (incus)
- stirrup (stapes)
What is the anatomy of the middle ear? What parts do the middle ear contain? (2)
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 20
- a chamber between the eardrum and cochlea
- contains eardrum, cochlea (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
What happens after the eardrum vibrates?
Module 20
the middle ear transmits the vibrations (soundwaves)
What happens after the middle ear transmits the soundwaves just received? (What do soundwaves hit next?) What does the next part of the ear do in response to the transmitted soundwaves? (2)
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 20
- [to the] cochlea
- cochlea vibrates transmissions
During the process of hearing/soundwave progression through the ear, after the sound wave reaches the cochlea where does the soundwave travel to next?
Module 20
[the] inner ear
After the soundwaves reach the inner ear, what does the inner ear do and where does the soundwaves go to next? How does the next part of the ear respond/react? (3)
(3) = 3 answers/parts
Module 20
- inner ear fluids shake
- basilar membrane
- ripples occur in the basilar membrane
After the soundwaves hit the basilar membrane and it ripples, what is the next thing the soundwaves reach? What happens when the soundwaves reach the next part of the ear? (2)
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 20
- hair cells
- the hair cells bend and trigger impulses/electrical signals
After the hair cells bend and trigger an electrical signal/impulse, where does the electrical signal/impulse go? What does the next part do after receiving the signal? (2)
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 20
- auditory nerve
- nerve carries the signal
During a regular soundwaves’ path, after the auditory nerve carries the electrical signal from the hair cells, where is the signal carried off too? What does this part do in response to receiving the electrical signal? (2)
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 20
- [the] thalamus
- thalamus processes the electrical signal
After the thalamus processes the electrical signal in a soundwave sequence, where does the electrical signal reach next? What does this part or region do? (2)
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 20
- [the] auditory cortex/temporal lobe
- makes you hear!
The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea contianing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) that concentrates the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window is called what?
Module 20
[the] middle ear
A coiled, bony fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that helps sound waves travel through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses is what ear part?
Module 20
cochlea
The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs is called what?
Module 20
[the] inner ear
The inner ear contains what three things/parts?
Module 20
- [the] cochlea
- semicircular canals
- vestibular sacs
Another word or synonym for the word amplitude is called what?
Module 20
height
Amplitude determines what with our perception on soundwaves?
Module 20
[our] loudness
Another word or synonym for the word frequency when dealing with soundwaves is what?
Module 20
frequency
Our frequency determines what in the soundwave process?
Module 20
determines the pitch we experience
The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example: per second) is called what?
Module 20
[our] frequency
A tone’s experienced highness or lowness which depends on the frequency is called what?
Module 20
[our] pitch
Determine a wavelength for the two descriptions:
- low frequency, low pitch (long & slower)
- high frequency, high pitch (short & faster)
Module 20
- long waves
- short waves
Amplitude is measured in what?
Module 20
decibels
zero decibels equals what in the process of hearing?
Module 20
zero decibels = our absolute threshold (for hearing)
Loudness is determined by what?
Module 20
the number of activated hair cells
more cells activated = higher loudness it gets
What theory describes the following:
in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
Module 20
place theory
What theory describes the following:
in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch (also called temporal theory)
Module 20
frequency theory
What principle goes with the frequency theory (what is it called)?
Module 20
[the] volley principle
What describes the following:
neural cells can alternate firing
Module 20
volley principle
True or False?:
Both Place theory and Frequency theory work together to enable perception on pitch.
Module 20
true
Fill in the blank for the following:
- Place theory represents how we sense ____________ pitches
- Frequency theory represents how we sense ____________ pitches
Module 20
- high
- low
The placement of our two ears causes what?
Module 20
stereophonic (“three dimensional”) hearing
Prolonged exposure to sounds above 85 decibels can produce what?
Module 20
hearing loss
Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the audority nerves; the most common form hearing loss, also called nerve deafness is what type of hearing loss?
Module 20
sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness)
A less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system (the eardrum & middle ear bones) that conducts sound waves to the cochlea is what type of hearing loss?
Module 20
conduction hearing loss
A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea is called what?
Module 20
cochlear implant
The sense of touch is a mix of what four basic and distinct skin senses?
(other skin sensations vary from these 4)
Module 21
- pressure
- warmth
- cold
- pain
Sensory receptors (most in skin but also muscles + organs) that detect harmful temperatures, pressure or chemicals is called what?
Module 21
nociceptors
What theory describes the following:
The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on the brain. The “gate” is opened by activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain
Module 21
gate-control theory
What fibers activate and open the neurological gate in our spinal cord dealing with pain signals? What fibers close the gate and blocks pain signals?
Module 21
- small nerve fibers
- large nerve fibers
What two factors affect the intensity of our pain when editing/looking back at memories?
Module 21
- pain’s peak moment
- pain felt towards the end
What is the body’s natural pain reliever chemical that is released with severe pain (and greatly reduces pain)?
Module 21
endorphins
What five senses make up the several basic sensations apart of taste?
Module 21
- sweet
- sour
- salty
- bitter
- umami
The sense of smell is defined as what?
Module 21
olfaction
What sense (and is the only sense) can bypass the thalamus due to being apart of old primitive (natural) senses?
Module 21
smell
Our movement sense which is our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body arts (vision interacts wiht this) is called what?
keep body aware of part’s positions and movement
Module 21
kinesthesia
Our sense of body movmenet and position that enables our sense of balance that specifically monitors your head’s position and movement is called what?
Module 21
vestibular sense
Our vestibular sense is dependent on what two structures apart of our inner ear?
Module 21
- [the] fluid-filled semicircular canals
- [a] pair of vestibular sacs
What principle contains the idea that one sense may influence another?
(ex: the smell of food influences its taste)
Module 21
sensory interaction
When our senses do not function in isolation but rather interact with one another is an example of what?
Module 21
sensory adaptation
The influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judements is called what?
(ex: physical warmth may promote social warmth)
Module 21
embodied cognition
The sense or act of hearing is called what?
Module 20
audition
When our brain creates pain without normal sensory input can be called what?
Module 21
phantom limb sensations
The stimulation of one sense that triggers an experience of another is called what?
Module 21
synesthesia
