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psychology > Unit 4 (Modules 20-21) > Flashcards

Unit 4 (Modules 20-21) Flashcards

senses & ear anatomy

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1
Q

Soundwaves first hit what part of the ear? What does the soundwaves cause that part to do? (2)

(2) = 2 parts/answers

Module 20

A
  • the eardrum
  • causes it to vibrate
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2
Q

The middle ear is composed of how many tiny bones? What are the names of each tiny bone? (2)

(2) = 2 answers/parts

Module 20

A
  • 3
  • hammer (malleus)
  • anvil (incus)
  • stirrup (stapes)
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3
Q

What is the anatomy of the middle ear? What parts do the middle ear contain? (2)

(2) = 2 answers/parts

Module 20

A
  • a chamber between the eardrum and cochlea
  • contains eardrum, cochlea (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
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4
Q

What happens after the eardrum vibrates?

Module 20

A

the middle ear transmits the vibrations (soundwaves)

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5
Q

What happens after the middle ear transmits the soundwaves just received? (What do soundwaves hit next?) What does the next part of the ear do in response to the transmitted soundwaves? (2)

(2) = 2 answers/parts

Module 20

A
  • [to the] cochlea
  • cochlea vibrates transmissions
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6
Q

During the process of hearing/soundwave progression through the ear, after the sound wave reaches the cochlea where does the soundwave travel to next?

Module 20

A

[the] inner ear

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7
Q

After the soundwaves reach the inner ear, what does the inner ear do and where does the soundwaves go to next? How does the next part of the ear respond/react? (3)

(3) = 3 answers/parts

Module 20

A
  • inner ear fluids shake
  • basilar membrane
  • ripples occur in the basilar membrane
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8
Q

After the soundwaves hit the basilar membrane and it ripples, what is the next thing the soundwaves reach? What happens when the soundwaves reach the next part of the ear? (2)

(2) = 2 answers/parts

Module 20

A
  • hair cells
  • the hair cells bend and trigger impulses/electrical signals
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9
Q

After the hair cells bend and trigger an electrical signal/impulse, where does the electrical signal/impulse go? What does the next part do after receiving the signal? (2)

(2) = 2 answers/parts

Module 20

A
  • auditory nerve
  • nerve carries the signal
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10
Q

During a regular soundwaves’ path, after the auditory nerve carries the electrical signal from the hair cells, where is the signal carried off too? What does this part do in response to receiving the electrical signal? (2)

(2) = 2 answers/parts

Module 20

A
  • [the] thalamus
  • thalamus processes the electrical signal
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11
Q

After the thalamus processes the electrical signal in a soundwave sequence, where does the electrical signal reach next? What does this part or region do? (2)

(2) = 2 answers/parts

Module 20

A
  • [the] auditory cortex/temporal lobe
  • makes you hear!
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12
Q

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea contianing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) that concentrates the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window is called what?

Module 20

A

[the] middle ear

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13
Q

A coiled, bony fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that helps sound waves travel through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses is what ear part?

Module 20

A

cochlea

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14
Q

The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs is called what?

Module 20

A

[the] inner ear

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15
Q

The inner ear contains what three things/parts?

Module 20

A
  • [the] cochlea
  • semicircular canals
  • vestibular sacs
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16
Q

Another word or synonym for the word amplitude is called what?

Module 20

A

height

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17
Q

Amplitude determines what with our perception on soundwaves?

Module 20

A

[our] loudness

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18
Q

Another word or synonym for the word frequency when dealing with soundwaves is what?

Module 20

A

frequency

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19
Q

Our frequency determines what in the soundwave process?

Module 20

A

determines the pitch we experience

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20
Q

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example: per second) is called what?

Module 20

A

[our] frequency

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21
Q

A tone’s experienced highness or lowness which depends on the frequency is called what?

Module 20

A

[our] pitch

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22
Q

Determine a wavelength for the two descriptions:

  1. low frequency, low pitch (long & slower)
  2. high frequency, high pitch (short & faster)

Module 20

A
  1. long waves
  2. short waves
23
Q

Amplitude is measured in what?

Module 20

A

decibels

24
Q

zero decibels equals what in the process of hearing?

Module 20

A

zero decibels = our absolute threshold (for hearing)

25
Q

Loudness is determined by what?

Module 20

A

the number of activated hair cells

more cells activated = higher loudness it gets

26
Q

What theory describes the following:

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

Module 20

A

place theory

27
Q

What theory describes the following:

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch (also called temporal theory)

Module 20

A

frequency theory

28
Q

What principle goes with the frequency theory (what is it called)?

Module 20

A

[the] volley principle

29
Q

What describes the following:

neural cells can alternate firing

Module 20

A

volley principle

30
Q

True or False?:

Both Place theory and Frequency theory work together to enable perception on pitch.

Module 20

A

true

31
Q

Fill in the blank for the following:

  • Place theory represents how we sense ____________ pitches
  • Frequency theory represents how we sense ____________ pitches

Module 20

A
  • high
  • low
32
Q

The placement of our two ears causes what?

Module 20

A

stereophonic (“three dimensional”) hearing

33
Q

Prolonged exposure to sounds above 85 decibels can produce what?

Module 20

A

hearing loss

34
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the audority nerves; the most common form hearing loss, also called nerve deafness is what type of hearing loss?

Module 20

A

sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness)

35
Q

A less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system (the eardrum & middle ear bones) that conducts sound waves to the cochlea is what type of hearing loss?

Module 20

A

conduction hearing loss

36
Q

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea is called what?

Module 20

A

cochlear implant

37
Q

The sense of touch is a mix of what four basic and distinct skin senses?

(other skin sensations vary from these 4)

Module 21

A
  1. pressure
  2. warmth
  3. cold
  4. pain
38
Q

Sensory receptors (most in skin but also muscles + organs) that detect harmful temperatures, pressure or chemicals is called what?

Module 21

A

nociceptors

39
Q

What theory describes the following:

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on the brain. The “gate” is opened by activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain

Module 21

A

gate-control theory

40
Q

What fibers activate and open the neurological gate in our spinal cord dealing with pain signals? What fibers close the gate and blocks pain signals?

Module 21

A
  • small nerve fibers
  • large nerve fibers
41
Q

What two factors affect the intensity of our pain when editing/looking back at memories?

Module 21

A
  • pain’s peak moment
  • pain felt towards the end
42
Q

What is the body’s natural pain reliever chemical that is released with severe pain (and greatly reduces pain)?

Module 21

A

endorphins

43
Q

What five senses make up the several basic sensations apart of taste?

Module 21

A
  1. sweet
  2. sour
  3. salty
  4. bitter
  5. umami
44
Q

The sense of smell is defined as what?

Module 21

A

olfaction

45
Q

What sense (and is the only sense) can bypass the thalamus due to being apart of old primitive (natural) senses?

Module 21

A

smell

46
Q

Our movement sense which is our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body arts (vision interacts wiht this) is called what?

keep body aware of part’s positions and movement

Module 21

A

kinesthesia

47
Q

Our sense of body movmenet and position that enables our sense of balance that specifically monitors your head’s position and movement is called what?

Module 21

A

vestibular sense

48
Q

Our vestibular sense is dependent on what two structures apart of our inner ear?

Module 21

A
  • [the] fluid-filled semicircular canals
  • [a] pair of vestibular sacs
49
Q

What principle contains the idea that one sense may influence another?

(ex: the smell of food influences its taste)

Module 21

A

sensory interaction

50
Q

When our senses do not function in isolation but rather interact with one another is an example of what?

Module 21

A

sensory adaptation

51
Q

The influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judements is called what?

(ex: physical warmth may promote social warmth)

Module 21

A

embodied cognition

52
Q

The sense or act of hearing is called what?

Module 20

A

audition

53
Q

When our brain creates pain without normal sensory input can be called what?

Module 21

A

phantom limb sensations

54
Q

The stimulation of one sense that triggers an experience of another is called what?

Module 21

A

synesthesia

psychology (25 decks)

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