Unit 7 (Modules 31-32) Flashcards

Memory

1
Q

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information is called what?

Module 31

A

memory

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2
Q

What measure of memory requires the person to retrieve information learned earlier?

Module 31

A

recall

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3
Q

What measure of memory is example of the following?:

a fill-in-the-blank test

Module 31

A

recall

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4
Q

What measure of memory requires the person to identify items previously learned?

Module 31

A

recognition

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5
Q

What measure of memory is example of the following?:

a multiple choice test

Module 31

A

recognition

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6
Q

What measure of memory assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again?

Module 31

A

relearning

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7
Q

Tests of recognition and of time spent relearning demonstrate what?

Module 31

A
  • that we remember more than we can recall
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8
Q

What process requires getting information into the memory system by extracting meaning?

Module 31

A

encoding

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9
Q

What process requires retaining encoded information over time?

Module 31

A

storage

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10
Q

What process requires getting information out of memory storage?

Module 31

A

retrieval

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11
Q

The act of processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processsing for many functions is called what?

Module 31

A

parallel processing

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12
Q

What kind of memory is described as the immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system?

Module 31

A

sensory memory

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13
Q

What kind of memory can be described as activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten?

Module 31

A

short-term memory

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14
Q

What kind of memory can be described as the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system which includes knowledge, skills and experiences?

Module 31

A

long-term memory

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15
Q

What three pieces are included in long-term memory?

Module 31

A
  • knowledge
  • skills
  • experiences
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16
Q

What kind of memory can be described as a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory?

Module 31

A

working memory

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17
Q

What kind of memory can be described as the retention of facts and experiences that one can consciusly know and “declare” (also called declarative memory)?

Module 31

A

explicit memory

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18
Q

What kind of processing involves encoding that requires attention and conscius efforts?

Module 31

A

effortful processing

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19
Q

What kind of processing can be described as unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings?

Module 31

A

automatic processing

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20
Q

What kind of processing includes encoding the following:

  • space
  • time
  • frequency
  • well-learned meanings (like word meanings)

Module 31

A

automatic processing

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21
Q

What kind of memory can be described as the retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (also called nondeclarative memory)?

Module 31

A

implicit memory

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22
Q

What feeds our active memory (recording momentary images of scenes or echoes of sound)? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 31

A

sensory memory

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23
Q

What can be described as a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second?

Module 31

A

iconic memory

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24
Q

What momentary sensory memory is responsible for visual stimuli?

Module 31

A

iconic memory

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25
What momentary sensory memory is responsible for a picture-image memory that lasts no more than a few tenths of a second? ## Footnote Module 31
iconic memory
26
What can be described as a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds, and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds? ## Footnote Module 31
echoic memory
27
What momentary sensory memory is responsible for auditory stimuli? ## Footnote Module 31
echoic memory
28
# Fill in the blank for the following: We encode explicit memories through conscious ____________. ## Footnote Module 31
effortful processing
29
The act of organizing items into familar, manageable units (often occurs automatically) is called what? ## Footnote Module 31
chunking
30
What does one call memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices? ## Footnote Module 31
mnemonics
31
What is the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice called? ## Footnote Module 31
spacing effect
32
The process of having enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information (also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test enhanced learning) is called what? ## Footnote Module 31
testing effect
33
What process requires encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words? ## Footnote Module 31
shallow processing
34
What effect causes us to easily recall abjectives that describe ourselves but make it hard/troubling when having to describe someone else? ## Footnote Moule 31
self-reference effect
35
What process requires encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention? ## Footnote Module 31
deep processing
36
What explicit memory is based on facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems? ## Footnote Module 32
semantic memory
37
What explicit memory is based on personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems? ## Footnote Module 32
episodic memory
38
What is the neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events for storage? ## Footnote Moduel 32
hippocampus
39
The neural storage of a long-term memory is called what? ## Footnote Module 32
memory consolidation
40
What memory can be described as a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event? ## Footnote Module 32
flashbulb memory
41
When a cell's firing potential increases after a brief rapid, stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory is called what? ## Footnote Module 32
long-term potentiation (LTP)
42
The activiation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory is called what? ## Footnote Module 32
priming
43
What idea revolves around cues and contexts specific to a particular memory, believing that it will be most effective in helping us recall? ## Footnote Module 32
encoding specificity principle
44
What we learn in one state (drunk or sober) that may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state is casued by what? ## Footnote Module 32
state-dependent memory
45
What phenomenon helps us recall stronger when a subject is present in the same environment in which the original memory was formed? ## Footnote Module 32
context-dependent memory
46
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood is called what? ## Footnote Module 32
mood congruent memory
47
Our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list is referred to as what? ## Footnote Module 32
serial position effect
48
Our tendency to recall best the last items in a list is because of what? ## Footnote Module 32
recency effect
49
Our tendency to recall best the first items in a list is because of what? ## Footnote Module 32
primacy effect
50
Who was responsible for the discovery of shallow and deep processing? ## Footnote Module 31
Noam Chomsky
51
Who was responsible for the creation of the triarchic theory's of intelligence? ## Footnote Module 31/32
Robert Sternberg
52
When old memories disrupt the retrieval of new memories, what is that called? ## Footnote Module 31/32
proactive inference
53
When new memories disrupt the retrieval and maintence of old memories, what is that called? ## Footnote Module 31/32
retroactive interference
54
What type of memory loss occurs when you cannot form new memories? ## Footnote Module 31/32
anterograde amnesia
55
What type of memory loss occurs when you cannot recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia? ## Footnote Module 31/32
retrograde amnesia
56
What type of memory would you use to help you commit mechanic, automatic behavior? ## Footnote Module 31
procedural memory | (ex: walking, riding a bike)
57
What psychologist is most strongly associated with research on false memories? ## Footnote Module 31/32
Elizabeth Loftus
58
What type of cognitive bias blocks people's ability to use an object for something other than what it should be used for? ## Footnote Module 31/32
functional fixedness
59
Faulty (unreliable/bad) thinking that leads to a limitation or error can be caused by what? ## Footnote Module 31/32
cognitive bias
60
When we have a specific way of looking at a problem, this is because of what? ## Footnote Module 31/32
mental set