Unit 7 (Modules 31-32)

Question 1

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information is called what?

Module 31

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

What measure of memory requires the person to retrieve information learned earlier?

Module 31

Answer 2

recall

Question 3

What measure of memory is example of the following?:

a fill-in-the-blank test

Module 31

Answer 3

recall

Question 4

What measure of memory requires the person to identify items previously learned?

Module 31

Answer 4

recognition

Question 5

What measure of memory is example of the following?:

a multiple choice test

Module 31

Answer 5

recognition

Question 6

What measure of memory assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again?

Module 31

Answer 6

relearning

Question 7

Tests of recognition and of time spent relearning demonstrate what?

Module 31

Answer 7

• that we remember more than we can recall

Question 8

What process requires getting information into the memory system by extracting meaning?

Module 31

Answer 8

encoding

Question 9

What process requires retaining encoded information over time?

Module 31

Answer 9

storage

Question 10

What process requires getting information out of memory storage?

Module 31

Answer 10

retrieval

Question 11

The act of processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processsing for many functions is called what?

Module 31

Answer 11

parallel processing

Question 12

What kind of memory is described as the immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system?

Module 31

Answer 12

sensory memory

Question 13

What kind of memory can be described as activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten?

Module 31

Answer 13

short-term memory

Question 14

What kind of memory can be described as the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system which includes knowledge, skills and experiences?

Module 31

Answer 14

long-term memory

Question 15

What three pieces are included in long-term memory?

Module 31

Answer 15

• knowledge
• skills
• experiences

Question 16

What kind of memory can be described as a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory?

Module 31

Answer 16

working memory

Question 17

What kind of memory can be described as the retention of facts and experiences that one can consciusly know and “declare” (also called declarative memory)?

Module 31

Answer 17

explicit memory

Question 18

What kind of processing involves encoding that requires attention and conscius efforts?

Module 31

Answer 18

effortful processing

Question 19

What kind of processing can be described as unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings?

Module 31

Answer 19

automatic processing

Question 20

What kind of processing includes encoding the following:

• space
• time
• frequency
• well-learned meanings (like word meanings)

Module 31

Answer 20

automatic processing

Question 21

What kind of memory can be described as the retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (also called nondeclarative memory)?

Module 31

Answer 21

implicit memory

Question 22

What feeds our active memory (recording momentary images of scenes or echoes of sound)? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 31

Answer 22

sensory memory

Question 23

What can be described as a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second?

Module 31

Answer 23

iconic memory

Question 24

What momentary sensory memory is responsible for visual stimuli?

Module 31

Answer 24

iconic memory

Question 25

What momentary sensory memory is responsible for a picture-image memory that lasts no more than a few tenths of a second?

Module 31

Answer 25

iconic memory

Question 26

What can be described as a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds, and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds?

Module 31

Answer 26

echoic memory

Question 27

What momentary sensory memory is responsible for auditory stimuli?

Module 31

Answer 27

echoic memory

Question 28

Fill in the blank for the following:

We encode explicit memories through conscious ____________.

Module 31

Answer 28

effortful processing

Question 29

The act of organizing items into familar, manageable units (often occurs automatically) is called what?

Module 31

Answer 29

chunking

Question 30

What does one call memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices?

Module 31

Answer 30

mnemonics

Question 31

What is the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice called?

Module 31

Answer 31

spacing effect

Question 32

The process of having enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information (also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test enhanced learning) is called what?

Module 31

Answer 32

testing effect

Question 33

What process requires encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words?

Module 31

Answer 33

shallow processing

Question 34

What effect causes us to easily recall abjectives that describe ourselves but make it hard/troubling when having to describe someone else?

Moule 31

Answer 34

self-reference effect

Question 35

What process requires encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention?

Module 31

Answer 35

deep processing

Question 36

What explicit memory is based on facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems?

Module 32

Answer 36

semantic memory

Question 37

What explicit memory is based on personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems?

Module 32

Answer 37

episodic memory

Question 38

What is the neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events for storage?

Moduel 32

Answer 38

hippocampus

Question 39

The neural storage of a long-term memory is called what?

Module 32

Answer 39

memory consolidation

Question 40

What memory can be described as a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event?

Module 32

Answer 40

flashbulb memory

Question 41

When a cell’s firing potential increases after a brief rapid, stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory is called what?

Module 32

Answer 41

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 42

The activiation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory is called what?

Module 32

Answer 42

priming

Question 43

What idea revolves around cues and contexts specific to a particular memory, believing that it will be most effective in helping us recall?

Module 32

Answer 43

encoding specificity principle

Question 44

What we learn in one state (drunk or sober) that may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state is casued by what?

Module 32

Answer 44

state-dependent memory

Question 45

What phenomenon helps us recall stronger when a subject is present in the same environment in which the original memory was formed?

Module 32

Answer 45

context-dependent memory

Question 46

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood is called what?

Module 32

Answer 46

mood congruent memory

Question 47

Our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list is referred to as what?

Module 32

Answer 47

serial position effect

Question 48

Our tendency to recall best the last items in a list is because of what?

Module 32

Answer 48

recency effect

Question 49

Our tendency to recall best the first items in a list is because of what?

Module 32

Answer 49

primacy effect

Question 50

Who was responsible for the discovery of shallow and deep processing?

Module 31

Answer 50

Noam Chomsky

Question 51

Who was responsible for the creation of the triarchic theory’s of intelligence?

Module 31/32

Answer 51

Robert Sternberg

Question 52

When old memories disrupt the retrieval of new memories, what is that called?

Module 31/32

Answer 52

proactive inference

Question 53

When new memories disrupt the retrieval and maintence of old memories, what is that called?

Module 31/32

Answer 53

retroactive interference

Question 54

What type of memory loss occurs when you cannot form new memories?

Module 31/32

Answer 54

anterograde amnesia

Question 55

What type of memory loss occurs when you cannot recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia?

Module 31/32

Answer 55

retrograde amnesia

Question 56

What type of memory would you use to help you commit mechanic, automatic behavior?

Module 31

Answer 56

procedural memory

(ex: walking, riding a bike)

Question 57

What psychologist is most strongly associated with research on false memories?

Module 31/32

Answer 57

Elizabeth Loftus

Question 58

What type of cognitive bias blocks people’s ability to use an object for something other than what it should be used for?

Module 31/32

Answer 58

functional fixedness

Question 59

Faulty (unreliable/bad) thinking that leads to a limitation or error can be caused by what?

Module 31/32

Answer 59

cognitive bias

Question 60

When we have a specific way of looking at a problem, this is because of what?

Module 31/32

Answer 60

mental set