Unit 7 (Modules 31-32) Flashcards
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information is called what?
Module 31
memory
What measure of memory requires the person to retrieve information learned earlier?
Module 31
recall
What measure of memory is example of the following?:
a fill-in-the-blank test
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recall
What measure of memory requires the person to identify items previously learned?
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recognition
What measure of memory is example of the following?:
a multiple choice test
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recognition
What measure of memory assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again?
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relearning
Tests of recognition and of time spent relearning demonstrate what?
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- that we remember more than we can recall
What process requires getting information into the memory system by extracting meaning?
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encoding
What process requires retaining encoded information over time?
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storage
What process requires getting information out of memory storage?
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retrieval
The act of processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processsing for many functions is called what?
Module 31
parallel processing
What kind of memory is described as the immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system?
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sensory memory
What kind of memory can be described as activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten?
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short-term memory
What kind of memory can be described as the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system which includes knowledge, skills and experiences?
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long-term memory
What three pieces are included in long-term memory?
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- knowledge
- skills
- experiences
What kind of memory can be described as a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory?
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working memory
What kind of memory can be described as the retention of facts and experiences that one can consciusly know and “declare” (also called declarative memory)?
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explicit memory
What kind of processing involves encoding that requires attention and conscius efforts?
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effortful processing
What kind of processing can be described as unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings?
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automatic processing
What kind of processing includes encoding the following:
- space
- time
- frequency
- well-learned meanings (like word meanings)
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automatic processing
What kind of memory can be described as the retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (also called nondeclarative memory)?
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implicit memory
What feeds our active memory (recording momentary images of scenes or echoes of sound)? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
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sensory memory
What can be described as a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second?
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iconic memory
What momentary sensory memory is responsible for visual stimuli?
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iconic memory
What momentary sensory memory is responsible for a picture-image memory that lasts no more than a few tenths of a second?
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iconic memory
What can be described as a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds, and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds?
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echoic memory
What momentary sensory memory is responsible for auditory stimuli?
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echoic memory
Fill in the blank for the following:
We encode explicit memories through conscious ____________.
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effortful processing
The act of organizing items into familar, manageable units (often occurs automatically) is called what?
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chunking
What does one call memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices?
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mnemonics
What is the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice called?
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spacing effect
The process of having enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information (also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test enhanced learning) is called what?
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testing effect
What process requires encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words?
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shallow processing
What effect causes us to easily recall abjectives that describe ourselves but make it hard/troubling when having to describe someone else?
Moule 31
self-reference effect
What process requires encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention?
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deep processing
What explicit memory is based on facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems?
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semantic memory
What explicit memory is based on personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems?
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episodic memory
What is the neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events for storage?
Moduel 32
hippocampus
The neural storage of a long-term memory is called what?
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memory consolidation
What memory can be described as a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event?
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flashbulb memory
When a cell’s firing potential increases after a brief rapid, stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory is called what?
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long-term potentiation (LTP)
The activiation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory is called what?
Module 32
priming
What idea revolves around cues and contexts specific to a particular memory, believing that it will be most effective in helping us recall?
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encoding specificity principle
What we learn in one state (drunk or sober) that may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state is casued by what?
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state-dependent memory
What phenomenon helps us recall stronger when a subject is present in the same environment in which the original memory was formed?
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context-dependent memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood is called what?
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mood congruent memory
Our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list is referred to as what?
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serial position effect
Our tendency to recall best the last items in a list is because of what?
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recency effect
Our tendency to recall best the first items in a list is because of what?
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primacy effect
Who was responsible for the discovery of shallow and deep processing?
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Noam Chomsky
Who was responsible for the creation of the triarchic theory’s of intelligence?
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Robert Sternberg
When old memories disrupt the retrieval of new memories, what is that called?
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proactive inference
When new memories disrupt the retrieval and maintence of old memories, what is that called?
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retroactive interference
What type of memory loss occurs when you cannot form new memories?
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anterograde amnesia
What type of memory loss occurs when you cannot recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia?
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retrograde amnesia
What type of memory would you use to help you commit mechanic, automatic behavior?
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procedural memory
(ex: walking, riding a bike)
What psychologist is most strongly associated with research on false memories?
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Elizabeth Loftus
What type of cognitive bias blocks people’s ability to use an object for something other than what it should be used for?
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functional fixedness
Faulty (unreliable/bad) thinking that leads to a limitation or error can be caused by what?
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cognitive bias
When we have a specific way of looking at a problem, this is because of what?
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mental set
