Extra Flashcards/Questions (All Modules)
What term was pitched by Albert Bandura to describe the person and the environment simultaneously influencing each other?
reciprocal determinism
The mutual influence of external stimuli and cognitive processes in regulating behavior is known as…?
reciprocal determinism
What perspective/school of psychology focuses on adaptive traits passing/passed down through generations?
evolutionary
What perspective/school of psychology integrates psychological, biological, and environmental influences on behavior?
biopsychosocial
What perspective/school of psychology focuses primarily on root causes of behavior and psychological distress?
psychodynamic
What perspective/school of psychology focuses on how rewards and punishments can influence behavior?
behavioral
What perspective/school of psychology optimistically emphasizes personal growth?
humanistic
Systematic desensitization is most commonly used to treat what kind of disorders/problems?
phobias
What treatments would be used to help treat a patient diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
- medication
- cognitive therapy
What treatment would be used to help treat a patient diagnosed with Schizophrenia?
medication
What treatments would be used to help treat a patient diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
- medication
- cognitive behavioral therapy
What kind of memories are memories of which the perceiver is unaware?
implicit memories
What kind of memories are sensory memories of visual information?
iconic memories
What kind of method helps get information into memory?
encoding devices
Which part of the brain enables the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with one another?
corpus callosum
Which part of the brain governs self-control and foresight?
frontal lobe
Which part of the brain integrates sensory information?
parietal lobe
Which part of the brain governs hunger and thirst?
hypothalamus
Which part of the brain primarily governs coordination and balance?
cerebellum
What describes the following..?
When the members of the group feel pressure to agree and avoid dissent.
groupthink
What describes the following..?
When the way something is presented affects the perception of it.
framing
When ethnic affiliation influences perspective, this is called what?
ethnocentrism
What is the tendency to work less hard when others are around to compensate called?
social loafing
When someone says the timbre of sound, what does timbre mean?
texture
What refers to the use of the most available information to make judgments?
availability heuristic
What describes the following..?
When an assessment is administered the same for everyone taking it so that the scores can be compared statistically.
standardization
What can be described as as the way how a construct is represented in the context of a research study?
operational definitions
What kind of parenting style tends to facilitate self-reliance and confidence because children are given an age-appropriate amount of responsibility in decision-making about their life choices?
authoritative
According to psychoanalysts, what refers to the actual events in the dream?
the manifest content
According to psychoanalysts, what refers to what the dream symbolizes?
the latent content
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is an example of what kind of test?
projective
What refers to the process through which norms and customary procedures are developed for a test?
standardization
What theorist/psychologist discussed three components of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical?
robert sternberg
What theorist/psychologist theorized that intelligence is divided into g, broad mental capacity, and s, specific mental abilities?
charles spearman
What psychologist memorized and later recalled hundreds of nonsense syllables to document memory decay?
hermann ebbinghaus
What is the ability to see that quantity remains constant despite variations in arrangement, called?
conservation
What kind of correlation is defined as perceiving a relationship where one does not exist?
illusory correlation
A correlation of 0 is a correlation coefficient that indicates what kind of relationship between two variables?
no relationship
What kind of term would describe the event of a therapist bringing their feelings about others to the client?
countertransference
What kind of term would describe the event of when a client brings feelings about someone else to their therapist?
transference
What kind of learning involves the distinction of different stimuli, rather than automatic task performance?
discriminative learning
What can be described as one’s sense of competence in a specific domain?
self-efficacy
What renders a task automatic when it had been effortful?
overlearning
What kind of effect describes the gradual rise in IQ scores across generations?
the flynn effect
Who found that gifted children generally have higher levels of these socio-emotional characteristics?
lewis terman
Which part of the brain is the sensory relay station for the brain?
thalamus
Which part of the brain receives sensory input from the body?
somatosensory cortex
Which part of the brain is associated with sleep behavior and other autonomic functions?
pons
Which part of the brain is involved in speech production?
broca’s area
Which part of the brain is involved in speech reception?
wernicke’s area
What describes the inability to see an alternative, nontraditional use for an object?
functional fixedness
think of how someone’s perspective becomes “fixed” on something
What can be describes as a problem-solving strategy that guarantees a solution?
an algorithm
What can be described as the best example of an item in a given category?
a prototype
Which part of the brain helps coordinate sensory information with simple movements?
the midbrain
Which part of the brain is responsible for motor control, relaying sensory information, and controlling autonomic functions?
the forebrain
Which nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response?
sympathetic
Which nervous system controls the rest-and-digest response?
parasympathetic
Which nervous system controls voluntary motor output?
somatic
What refers to the decreasing sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time?
habituation
What law says that the size of a just noticeable difference is proportional to the size of the stimulus?
webers-law
What law states that performance is highest at moderate levels of arousal?
yerkes-dodson law
What is the first stage in Piaget’s cognitive development model called?
sensorimotor [stage]
* gathering info about the world through senses (sensor)
* active, discovering what they are capable of (motor)
* use their actions (motor) and senses (sensor) to explore and learn about their surrounding environment
object permanence is associated with this phase/stage!
What is the second stage in Piaget’s cognitive development model called?
preoperational [stage]
* mental operations (operational)
* begin to understand symbolic thought
egocentrism is associated with this phase/stage
What is the third stage in Piaget’s cognitive development model called?
concrete operational
* start to develop logical thought
* (cannot understand abstract thoughts)
conservation is associated with this phase/stage
What is the fourth stage in Piaget’s cognitive development model called?
formal operational
* develops/starts to understand abstract thoughts
Which stage in Kohlberg’s moral development model is defined with a perspective on rules as fixed and absolute? (punishments = you deserved them and that you truly were bad)
(preconventional) - first stage (obedience and punishment)
Which stage in Kohlberg’s moral development model is defined with a realization that other point of views exist and self interest along with the question, “what’s in it for me”, is asked?
(preconventional) - second stage (individualism and exchange)
* individualism = realizing that there is more than one point of view (other points of views exist)
* exchange = wondering what can be done in return for individual needs
Which stage in Kohlberg’s moral development model is defined with a center of perspective on being seen as a good person and conformity?
(conventional) - third stage (developing good interpersonal relationships)
* living up to social expectations and rules
* how status and choices influence relationships
Kohlberg believed that women can only achieve this as their higheststage
Which stage in Kohlberg’s moral development model is defined with a primary perspective on maintaining social order, going beyond the need for indiviudal approval?
(conventional) - fourth stage (maintaining social order)
* going beyond the need for individual approval (which was emphasized in the previous stage)
* starts considering society as a whole when making judgements/choices
* much emphasive on law and order (laws are upmost important and must be followed)
Which stage in Kohlberg’s moral development model is defined with a new perspective on laws not always working in a person’s favor, and that each person has differing beliefs and values?
(post conventional) - fifth stage (social contract and individual rights)
* laws do not always work in your favor (heinz dilemma)
* individual rights are emphasived (new understanding of differing beliefs and that laws do not value/take into account each person’s differing beliefs or opinions) (laws sometimes are ok with being broken)
Which stage in Kohlberg’s moral development model is defined with a main perspective focused on universal ethical principles and going beyond what’s right, or what society does, to advocate for what is morally right?
(post conventional) - sixth stage (universal principles)
* people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules (think of gandhi)
(few people reach this stage)
