Extra Flashcards/Questions (All Modules)

Question 1

What term was pitched by Albert Bandura to describe the person and the environment simultaneously influencing each other?

Answer 1

reciprocal determinism

Question 2

The mutual influence of external stimuli and cognitive processes in regulating behavior is known as…?

Answer 2

reciprocal determinism

Question 3

What perspective/school of psychology focuses on adaptive traits passing/passed down through generations?

Answer 3

evolutionary

Question 4

What perspective/school of psychology integrates psychological, biological, and environmental influences on behavior?

Answer 4

biopsychosocial

Question 5

What perspective/school of psychology focuses primarily on root causes of behavior and psychological distress?

Answer 5

psychodynamic

Question 6

What perspective/school of psychology focuses on how rewards and punishments can influence behavior?

Answer 6

behavioral

Question 7

What perspective/school of psychology optimistically emphasizes personal growth?

Answer 7

humanistic

Question 8

Systematic desensitization is most commonly used to treat what kind of disorders/problems?

Answer 8

phobias

Question 9

What treatments would be used to help treat a patient diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Answer 9

• medication
• cognitive therapy

Question 10

What treatment would be used to help treat a patient diagnosed with Schizophrenia?

Answer 10

medication

Question 11

What treatments would be used to help treat a patient diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

Answer 11

• medication
• cognitive behavioral therapy

Question 12

What kind of memories are memories of which the perceiver is unaware?

Answer 12

implicit memories

Question 13

What kind of memories are sensory memories of visual information?

Answer 13

iconic memories

Question 14

What kind of method helps get information into memory?

Answer 14

encoding devices

Question 15

Which part of the brain enables the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with one another?

Answer 15

corpus callosum

Question 16

Which part of the brain governs self-control and foresight?

Answer 16

frontal lobe

Question 17

Which part of the brain integrates sensory information?

Answer 17

parietal lobe

Question 18

Which part of the brain governs hunger and thirst?

Answer 18

hypothalamus

Question 19

Which part of the brain primarily governs coordination and balance?

Answer 19

cerebellum

Question 20

What describes the following..?

When the members of the group feel pressure to agree and avoid dissent.

Answer 20

groupthink

Question 21

What describes the following..?

When the way something is presented affects the perception of it.

Answer 21

framing

Question 22

When ethnic affiliation influences perspective, this is called what?

Answer 22

ethnocentrism

Question 23

What is the tendency to work less hard when others are around to compensate called?

Answer 23

social loafing

Question 24

When someone says the timbre of sound, what does timbre mean?

Answer 24

texture

Question 25

What refers to the use of the most available information to make judgments?

Answer 25

availability heuristic

Question 26

# What describes the following..? When an assessment is administered the same for everyone taking it so that the scores can be compared statistically.

Answer 26

standardization

Question 27

What can be described as as the way how a construct is represented in the context of a research study?

Answer 27

operational definitions

Question 28

What kind of parenting style tends to facilitate self-reliance and confidence because children are given an age-appropriate amount of responsibility in decision-making about their life choices?

Answer 28

authoritative

Question 29

According to psychoanalysts, what refers to the actual events in the dream?

Answer 29

the manifest content

Question 30

According to psychoanalysts, what refers to what the dream symbolizes?

Answer 30

the latent content

Question 31

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is an example of what kind of test?

Answer 31

projective

Question 32

What refers to the process through which norms and customary procedures are developed for a test?

Answer 32

standardization

Question 33

What theorist/psychologist discussed three components of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical?

Answer 33

robert sternberg

Question 34

What theorist/psychologist theorized that intelligence is divided into g, broad mental capacity, and s, specific mental abilities?

Answer 34

charles spearman

Question 35

What psychologist memorized and later recalled hundreds of nonsense syllables to document memory decay?

Answer 35

hermann ebbinghaus

Question 36

What is the ability to see that quantity remains constant despite variations in arrangement, called?

Answer 36

conservation

Question 37

What kind of correlation is defined as perceiving a relationship where one does not exist?

Answer 37

illusory correlation

Question 38

A correlation of 0 is a correlation coefficient that indicates what kind of relationship between two variables?

Answer 38

no relationship

Question 39

What kind of term would describe the event of a therapist bringing their feelings about others to the client?

Answer 39

countertransference

Question 40

What kind of term would describe the event of when a client brings feelings about someone else to their therapist?

Answer 40

transference

Question 41

What kind of learning involves the distinction of different stimuli, rather than automatic task performance?

Answer 41

discriminative learning

Question 42

What can be described as one’s sense of competence in a specific domain?

Answer 42

self-efficacy

Question 43

What renders a task automatic when it had been effortful?

Answer 43

overlearning

Question 44

What kind of effect describes the gradual rise in IQ scores across generations?

Answer 44

the flynn effect

Question 45

Who found that gifted children generally have higher levels of these socio-emotional characteristics?

Answer 45

lewis terman

Question 46

Which part of the brain is the sensory relay station for the brain?

Answer 46

thalamus

Question 47

Which part of the brain receives sensory input from the body?

Answer 47

somatosensory cortex

Question 48

Which part of the brain is associated with sleep behavior and other autonomic functions?

Answer 48

pons

Question 49

Which part of the brain is involved in speech production?

Answer 49

broca's area

Question 50

Which part of the brain is involved in speech reception?

Answer 50

wernicke's area

Question 51

What describes the inability to see an alternative, nontraditional use for an object?

Answer 51

functional fixedness | think of how someone's perspective becomes "fixed" on something

Question 52

What can be describes as a problem-solving strategy that guarantees a solution?

Answer 52

an algorithm

Question 53

What can be described as the best example of an item in a given category?

Answer 53

a prototype

Question 54

Which part of the brain helps coordinate sensory information with simple movements?

Answer 54

the midbrain

Question 55

Which part of the brain is responsible for motor control, relaying sensory information, and controlling autonomic functions?

Answer 55

the forebrain

Question 56

Which nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response?

Answer 56

sympathetic

Question 57

Which nervous system controls the rest-and-digest response?

Answer 57

parasympathetic

Question 58

Which nervous system controls voluntary motor output?

Answer 58

somatic

Question 59

What refers to the decreasing sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time?

Answer 59

habituation

Question 60

What law says that the size of a just noticeable difference is proportional to the size of the stimulus?

Answer 60

webers-law

Question 61

What law states that performance is highest at moderate levels of arousal?

Answer 61

yerkes-dodson law

Question 62

What is the first stage in Piaget's cognitive development model called?

Answer 62

sensorimotor [stage] * gathering info about the world through senses (sensor) * active, discovering what they are capable of (motor) * use their actions (motor) and senses (sensor) to explore and learn about their surrounding environment | object permanence is associated with this phase/stage!

Question 63

What is the second stage in Piaget's cognitive development model called?

Answer 63

preoperational [stage] * mental operations (operational) * begin to understand symbolic thought | egocentrism is associated with this phase/stage

Question 64

What is the third stage in Piaget's cognitive development model called?

Answer 64

concrete operational * start to develop logical thought * (cannot understand abstract thoughts) | conservation is associated with this phase/stage

Question 65

What is the fourth stage in Piaget's cognitive development model called?

Answer 65

formal operational * develops/starts to understand abstract thoughts

Question 66

Which stage in Kohlberg's moral development model is defined with a perspective on rules as fixed and absolute? (punishments = you deserved them and that you truly were bad)

Answer 66

(preconventional) - first stage (obedience and punishment)

Question 67

Which stage in Kohlberg's moral development model is defined with a realization that other point of views exist and self interest along with the question, "what's in it for me", is asked?

Answer 67

(preconventional) - second stage (individualism and exchange) * individualism = realizing that there is more than one point of view (other points of views exist) * exchange = wondering what can be done in return for individual needs

Question 68

Which stage in Kohlberg's moral development model is defined with a center of perspective on being seen as a good person and conformity?

Answer 68

(conventional) - third stage (developing good interpersonal relationships) * living up to social expectations and rules * how status and choices influence relationships | Kohlberg believed that women can only achieve this as their higheststage

Question 69

Which stage in Kohlberg's moral development model is defined with a primary perspective on maintaining social order, going beyond the need for indiviudal approval?

Answer 69

(conventional) - fourth stage (maintaining social order) * going beyond the need for individual approval (which was emphasized in the previous stage) * starts considering society as a whole when making judgements/choices * much emphasive on law and order (laws are upmost important and must be followed)

Question 70

Which stage in Kohlberg's moral development model is defined with a new perspective on laws not always working in a person's favor, and that each person has differing beliefs and values?

Answer 70

(post conventional) - fifth stage (social contract and individual rights) * laws do not always work in your favor (heinz dilemma) * individual rights are emphasived (new understanding of differing beliefs and that laws do not value/take into account each person's differing beliefs or opinions) (laws sometimes are ok with being broken)

Question 71

Which stage in Kohlberg's moral development model is defined with a main perspective focused on universal ethical principles and going beyond what's right, or what society does, to advocate for what is morally right?

Answer 71

(post conventional) - sixth stage (universal principles) * people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules (think of gandhi) | (few people reach this stage)