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psychology > Extra Flashcards/Questions (All Modules) > Flashcards

Extra Flashcards/Questions (All Modules)

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1
Q

What term was pitched by Albert Bandura to describe the person and the environment simultaneously influencing each other?

A

reciprocal determinism

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2
Q

The mutual influence of external stimuli and cognitive processes in regulating behavior is known as…?

A

reciprocal determinism

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3
Q

What perspective/school of psychology focuses on adaptive traits passing/passed down through generations?

A

evolutionary

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4
Q

What perspective/school of psychology integrates psychological, biological, and environmental influences on behavior?

A

biopsychosocial

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5
Q

What perspective/school of psychology focuses primarily on root causes of behavior and psychological distress?

A

psychodynamic

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6
Q

What perspective/school of psychology focuses on how rewards and punishments can influence behavior?

A

behavioral

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7
Q

What perspective/school of psychology optimistically emphasizes personal growth?

A

humanistic

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8
Q

Systematic desensitization is most commonly used to treat what kind of disorders/problems?

A

phobias

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9
Q

What treatments would be used to help treat a patient diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

A
  • medication
  • cognitive therapy
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10
Q

What treatment would be used to help treat a patient diagnosed with Schizophrenia?

A

medication

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11
Q

What treatments would be used to help treat a patient diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A
  • medication
  • cognitive behavioral therapy
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12
Q

What kind of memories are memories of which the perceiver is unaware?

A

implicit memories

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13
Q

What kind of memories are sensory memories of visual information?

A

iconic memories

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14
Q

What kind of method helps get information into memory?

A

encoding devices

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15
Q

Which part of the brain enables the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with one another?

A

corpus callosum

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16
Q

Which part of the brain governs self-control and foresight?

A

frontal lobe

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17
Q

Which part of the brain integrates sensory information?

A

parietal lobe

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18
Q

Which part of the brain governs hunger and thirst?

A

hypothalamus

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19
Q

Which part of the brain primarily governs coordination and balance?

A

cerebellum

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20
Q

What describes the following..?

When the members of the group feel pressure to agree and avoid dissent.

A

groupthink

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21
Q

What describes the following..?

When the way something is presented affects the perception of it.

A

framing

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22
Q

When ethnic affiliation influences perspective, this is called what?

A

ethnocentrism

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23
Q

What is the tendency to work less hard when others are around to compensate called?

A

social loafing

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24
Q

When someone says the timbre of sound, what does timbre mean?

A

texture

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25
Q

What refers to the use of the most available information to make judgments?

A

availability heuristic

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26
Q

What describes the following..?

When an assessment is administered the same for everyone taking it so that the scores can be compared statistically.

A

standardization

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27
Q

What can be described as as the way how a construct is represented in the context of a research study?

A

operational definitions

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28
Q

What kind of parenting style tends to facilitate self-reliance and confidence because children are given an age-appropriate amount of responsibility in decision-making about their life choices?

A

authoritative

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29
Q

According to psychoanalysts, what refers to the actual events in the dream?

A

the manifest content

30
Q

According to psychoanalysts, what refers to what the dream symbolizes?

A

the latent content

31
Q

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is an example of what kind of test?

A

projective

32
Q

What refers to the process through which norms and customary procedures are developed for a test?

A

standardization

33
Q

What theorist/psychologist discussed three components of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical?

A

robert sternberg

34
Q

What theorist/psychologist theorized that intelligence is divided into g, broad mental capacity, and s, specific mental abilities?

A

charles spearman

35
Q

What psychologist memorized and later recalled hundreds of nonsense syllables to document memory decay?

A

hermann ebbinghaus

36
Q

What is the ability to see that quantity remains constant despite variations in arrangement, called?

A

conservation

37
Q

What kind of correlation is defined as perceiving a relationship where one does not exist?

A

illusory correlation

38
Q

A correlation of 0 is a correlation coefficient that indicates what kind of relationship between two variables?

A

no relationship

39
Q

What kind of term would describe the event of a therapist bringing their feelings about others to the client?

A

countertransference

40
Q

What kind of term would describe the event of when a client brings feelings about someone else to their therapist?

A

transference

41
Q

What kind of learning involves the distinction of different stimuli, rather than automatic task performance?

A

discriminative learning

42
Q

What can be described as one’s sense of competence in a specific domain?

A

self-efficacy

43
Q

What renders a task automatic when it had been effortful?

A

overlearning

44
Q

What kind of effect describes the gradual rise in IQ scores across generations?

A

the flynn effect

45
Q

Who found that gifted children generally have higher levels of these socio-emotional characteristics?

A

lewis terman

46
Q

Which part of the brain is the sensory relay station for the brain?

A

thalamus

47
Q

Which part of the brain receives sensory input from the body?

A

somatosensory cortex

48
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with sleep behavior and other autonomic functions?

A

pons

49
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in speech production?

A

broca’s area

50
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in speech reception?

A

wernicke’s area

51
Q

What describes the inability to see an alternative, nontraditional use for an object?

A

functional fixedness

think of how someone’s perspective becomes “fixed” on something

52
Q

What can be describes as a problem-solving strategy that guarantees a solution?

A

an algorithm

53
Q

What can be described as the best example of an item in a given category?

A

a prototype

54
Q

Which part of the brain helps coordinate sensory information with simple movements?

A

the midbrain

55
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for motor control, relaying sensory information, and controlling autonomic functions?

A

the forebrain

56
Q

Which nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response?

A

sympathetic

57
Q

Which nervous system controls the rest-and-digest response?

A

parasympathetic

58
Q

Which nervous system controls voluntary motor output?

A

somatic

59
Q

What refers to the decreasing sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time?

A

habituation

60
Q

What law says that the size of a just noticeable difference is proportional to the size of the stimulus?

A

webers-law

61
Q

What law states that performance is highest at moderate levels of arousal?

A

yerkes-dodson law

62
Q

What is the first stage in Piaget’s cognitive development model called?

A

sensorimotor [stage]
* gathering info about the world through senses (sensor)
* active, discovering what they are capable of (motor)
* use their actions (motor) and senses (sensor) to explore and learn about their surrounding environment

object permanence is associated with this phase/stage!

63
Q

What is the second stage in Piaget’s cognitive development model called?

A

preoperational [stage]
* mental operations (operational)
* begin to understand symbolic thought

egocentrism is associated with this phase/stage

64
Q

What is the third stage in Piaget’s cognitive development model called?

A

concrete operational
* start to develop logical thought
* (cannot understand abstract thoughts)

conservation is associated with this phase/stage

65
Q

What is the fourth stage in Piaget’s cognitive development model called?

A

formal operational
* develops/starts to understand abstract thoughts

66
Q

Which stage in Kohlberg’s moral development model is defined with a perspective on rules as fixed and absolute? (punishments = you deserved them and that you truly were bad)

A

(preconventional) - first stage (obedience and punishment)

67
Q

Which stage in Kohlberg’s moral development model is defined with a realization that other point of views exist and self interest along with the question, “what’s in it for me”, is asked?

A

(preconventional) - second stage (individualism and exchange)
* individualism = realizing that there is more than one point of view (other points of views exist)
* exchange = wondering what can be done in return for individual needs

68
Q

Which stage in Kohlberg’s moral development model is defined with a center of perspective on being seen as a good person and conformity?

A

(conventional) - third stage (developing good interpersonal relationships)
* living up to social expectations and rules
* how status and choices influence relationships

Kohlberg believed that women can only achieve this as their higheststage

69
Q

Which stage in Kohlberg’s moral development model is defined with a primary perspective on maintaining social order, going beyond the need for indiviudal approval?

A

(conventional) - fourth stage (maintaining social order)
* going beyond the need for individual approval (which was emphasized in the previous stage)
* starts considering society as a whole when making judgements/choices
* much emphasive on law and order (laws are upmost important and must be followed)

70
Q

Which stage in Kohlberg’s moral development model is defined with a new perspective on laws not always working in a person’s favor, and that each person has differing beliefs and values?

A

(post conventional) - fifth stage (social contract and individual rights)
* laws do not always work in your favor (heinz dilemma)
* individual rights are emphasived (new understanding of differing beliefs and that laws do not value/take into account each person’s differing beliefs or opinions) (laws sometimes are ok with being broken)

71
Q

Which stage in Kohlberg’s moral development model is defined with a main perspective focused on universal ethical principles and going beyond what’s right, or what society does, to advocate for what is morally right?

A

(post conventional) - sixth stage (universal principles)
* people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules (think of gandhi)

(few people reach this stage)

psychology (25 decks)

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