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psychology > Unit 3 (Modules 10-13) > Flashcards

Unit 3 (Modules 10-13) Flashcards

nervous system, brain

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1
Q

Neurons communicating with neurotransmitters make up what in our body? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 10

A

[the body’s] nervous system

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2
Q

What defines the following?:

The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 10

A

[the] nervous system

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3
Q

What are the two systems/subcategories apart of the nervous system?

Module 10

A
  • Peripheral
  • Central
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4
Q

The brain and spinal cord form what in the nervous system? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 10

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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5
Q

What system is responsible for gathering information and for transmitting CNS decisions to other body parts?

Module 10

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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6
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of what kind of neurons? (2)

(2) = 2 answers/parts

Module 10

A
  • sensory [neurons]
  • motor [neurons]
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7
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) does what to the central nervous system (1)?

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 10

A

connects it (CNS) to the rest of the body

helps transmit CNS decisions to other body parts

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8
Q

Electrical cables (neural cables) formed from bundles of axons connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands and sense organs defines what? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 10

A

nerves

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9
Q

What kind of neuron carries messages from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors inward to the brain and spinal cord for processing?

Module 10

A

sensory [neurons]

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10
Q

What kind of neuron carry instructions from the central nervous system outward to the body’s muscles and glands?

Module 10

A

motor [neurons]

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11
Q

Between the sensory input and motor output, what kind of neuron helps process information in the spinal cord/brain?

Module 10

A

interneurons

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12
Q

Our peripheral system is made up of what two components?

Module 10

A
  • somatic
  • autonomic
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13
Q

What nervous system enables voluntary control of our sketal muscles? (conscious activity)

Module 10

A

somatic [nervous system]

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14
Q

What nervous system controls our glands and our internal organ muscles?

Module 10

A

autonomic [nervous system]

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15
Q

The “autonomic” in autonomic nervous system means what? (1)

(1) = 1 anwser/part

Module 10

A

self regulating

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16
Q

What three functions does the autonomic nervous system give off?

could be more than three but in the book there is only three given

Module 10

A
  • glandular activity
  • heartbeat
  • digestion
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17
Q

What nervous system arouses and expands energy?

Module 10

A

sympathetic [nervous system]

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18
Q

What nervous system is responsible for the “flight”, “fight”, “freeze”, “fawn” response?

Module 10

A

sympathetic [nervous system]

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19
Q

Why do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 10

A

to help keep us in homeostasis

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20
Q

Yes or No?:

Does the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together?

Module 10

A

yes

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21
Q

The brain’s neurons cluster into work groups which can be called/defined as what? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 10

A

neural networks

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22
Q

What connects the peripheral nervous system and the brain together? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 10

A

(the) spinal cord

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23
Q

Ascending neural fibers send up what? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 10

A

sensory information

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24
Q

Descending fibers send back what? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 10

A

motor-control information

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25
Q

What defines our automatic responses to stimuli and helps illustrate the spinal cord’s work? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 10

A

reflex(es)

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26
Q

A simple spinal reflex pathway is composed of what two simple neurons? (2)

(2) = 2 answer/parts

Module 10

A
  • (a single) sensory [neuron]
  • (a single) motor [neuron]
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27
Q

Sensory and motor neurons usually communicate through a what? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 10

A

interneurons

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28
Q

What system is interconnected with your nervous system and can be classified as a second communication system?

Module 10

A

endocrine system

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29
Q

The endocrine system’s glands secrete another form of chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues, including the brian. What are these chemical messengers scientifically called? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 10

A

hormones

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30
Q

When hormones act on the brain, they influcence what three interests? (3)

(3) = 3 answers/parts

Module 10

A
  • sex
  • food
  • aggression
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31
Q

Yes or No:

Are the endocrine system and nervous system closely related?

Module 10

A

Yes

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32
Q

How does the endocrine system send a message?/What is the path a message in the endocrine system takes when transporting a message? (3)

(3) = 3 answers/parts

Module 10

A

bloodstream -> gland -> the target tissue

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33
Q

Fill in the blank:

If the ____________ system transmits information with text-message speed (fraction of a second), the ____________ system delivers an old-fashioned letter (several seconds or more).

Module 10

A
  • nervous
  • endocrine
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34
Q

What message last longer?
* the endocrine (hormones)
* nervous system (nerves)

Module 10

A

endocrine (hormones)

endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages

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35
Q

In a moment of danger, the automatic nervous system (ANS) orders what glands (on top of the kidneys) to release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)?

Module 10

A

adrenal glands

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36
Q

What two hormones are released from the adrenal glands during a fight-or-flight response?

Module 10

A
  • epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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37
Q

What is the most influential gland apart of the endocrine system that is pea-sized and located in the core of the brain?

Module 10

A

pituitary gland

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38
Q

What adjacent brain area controls the pituitary gland?

Module 10

A

[the] hypothalamus

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39
Q

True or false:

The pituitary gland (more specifically the secretions from it) direct other endocrine glands to release their hormones.

Module 10

A

true

40
Q

What feedback system (the steps) reveal the intimate connection of the nervous and endocrine system (5)

(5) = 5 answers/parts

Module 10

A
  1. brain
  2. pituitary
  3. other glands
  4. hormones
  5. body & brain
41
Q

The nervous system directs endocrine secretions, which then affect what system?

Module 10

A

the nervous system

yes, that is the correct answer.

42
Q

Scientists can also selectively destroy tiny clusters of normal or defective brain cells, leaving the surrounding tissue unharmed. What is the act of destroying these cluster brain cells called?

Module 11

A

lesion

43
Q

What defines the following?:

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 11

A

EEG (electroencephalogram)

44
Q

What technique is related to an EEG and measures magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical activity?

Module 11

A

MEG (magnetoencephalography)

45
Q

What technique studies the brain through x-ray photographs that can reveal brain damage? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 11

A

CT (computed tomography) scan

46
Q

What technique studies brain activity by showing each brain area’s consumption of its chemical fuel, the sugar glucose (radioactive)?

Module 11

A

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

47
Q

What technique studies the brain through brain scans in which a person’s head is put in a strong magnetic field, which aligns the spinning atoms of brain molecules which are then put under radio-wave pulse? This technique produces computer-generated images of sofrt tissue, great for showing brain anatomy.

Module 11

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

48
Q

A specific kind of brain technique stemming from an MRI can reveal the brain’s functioning as well as its structure. What is this brain technique/MRI type called? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 11

A

fMRI (functional MRI)

49
Q

What brain technique detects blood rushing to certain regions of the brain (researchers can watch as specific brain areas activate, showing increased oxygen-laden bloodflow)?

Module 11

A

fMRI (functional MRI)

50
Q

When the brain is unoccupied, blood continues to flow via a web of brain regions. (brain activity in these areas support mind-wandering and daydreaming) This web of brain regions is classified as the what? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 11

A

[the] default network

51
Q

What type of MRI technology maps long-distance brain fiber connections? (this has led to the creation of a new brain map with 100 neural centers not previoussly described)

Module 11

A

diffusion spectrum

52
Q

What part of the brain is the oldest and innermost region (the central core of the brain? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 11

A

[the] brainstem

53
Q

What is the base of the brainstem called (controls heart beat and breathing & is the slight swelling on the brainstem that is present in the spinal cord just after it eneters the skull)? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 11

A

medulla

54
Q

What does the medulla control? (2)

(2) = 2 answers/parts

Module 11

A
  • [controls] heartbeat
  • [&] breathing
55
Q

What is the top of the brainstem called? It is a pair of egg-shaped structures that act as the brain’s sensory control center. (Receives information from all the senses except smell and routes that info to the higher brain regions that deal with those senses. Also receives some of the higher brain’s replies which it then directs to the medulla and to the cerebellum.)

Module 11

A

thalamus

56
Q

What is the neuron network on the inside of your brainstem and between your ears called? The neuron network also extends to the spinal cord right up through the thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal (for example, waking up from sleep [becoming alerted]).

Module 11

A

reticular formation

57
Q

What is the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem called? It is around baseball-sized and functions in processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance + enabling nonverbal learning and memory.

Module 11

A

cerebellum

58
Q

What five things does the cerebellum do in the brain/for the body?

Module 11

A
  • processes sensory input
  • coordinates movement output
  • helps with balance
  • enables nonverbal learning
  • enables nonverbal memory
59
Q

What is the reticular formation responsible for? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 11

A
  • controls arousal
60
Q

What 3 things does the thalamus control/do in the brain or for the body?

Module 11

A
  • processes sensory information
  • relays sensory info to sensory receiving areas in the cortex
  • transmit replies from cortex sensory regions to the cerebellum and medulla
61
Q

Between the brain’s older parts (brainstem + everything in it) and its newer higher regions, the cerebral hemispheres, lies what neural system?

Module 11

A

[the] limbic system

limbus means “border”

62
Q

What four parts does the limbic system control/contain?

Module 11

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
63
Q

What two lima-bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system control agression and fear (fight or flight)? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 11

A

amygdala

64
Q

What neural structure lies below the thalamus and directs several maintenance activites (eating/hunger, drinking/thirst, body temp and sexual behavior/pleasure) to help maintain homeostasis? (also helps govern the endocrine’s most influential gland (pituitary gland) & is linked to emotion and reward) (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 11

A

hypothalamus

hypo = below

65
Q

What neural center located in the limbic system helps process conscious, explicit memories (of facts & events) and decreases in size and function as we grow older? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 11

A

hippocampus

66
Q

The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells, covering the two cerebral hemispheres is called what? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 12

A

cerebral cortex

67
Q

Each hemisphere’s cortex is subdivided into how many lobes?

Module 12

A

four

68
Q

How are the four lobes divided? (what divides them)

Module 12

A

prominent fissures (folds)

69
Q

The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead that is involved in speaking and muscle movements along with making plans + judgements is called/classified as the what? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 12

A

frontal lobes

70
Q

What portion of the cerebral cortex lies at the top of the head and toward the rear that is responsible for receiving sensory input for touch and body position?

Module 12

A

parietal lobes

71
Q

What portion of the cerebral cortex lies at the back of your head and includes areas that receive information from the visual fields?

Module 12

A

occipital lobes

72
Q

What portion of the cerebral cortex lies roughty above the ears and includes the auditory areas, each receiving info primarily from the opposite ear?

Module 12

A

temporal lobes

73
Q

The area at the rear of the front lobes that controls voluntary movemnets is called your what?

Module 12

A

motor cortex

74
Q

What cortex sends messages out to the body? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 12

A

[the] motor cortex

75
Q

What area at the front of the parietal lobes register and processes body touch and movement sensations? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 12

A

[the] somatosensory cortex

76
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

Module 12

A
  • in front of the parietal lobes
77
Q

Where is the motor cortex located?

Module 12

A
  • at the rear of the parietal lobes
78
Q

What cortex receives incoming messages? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 12

A

[the] somatosensory cortex

79
Q

What areas of the cerebral cortex are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions but rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 12

A

association areas

80
Q

Ture or false:

Association areas are found in all four lobes.

Module 12

A

true

81
Q

What cortex is in the forward part of the frontal lobes that enables judgement, planning and processing of new memories?

Module 12

A

prefrontal cortex

82
Q

What is the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience called?

Module 12

A

plasticity

83
Q

The formation of new neurons is called what?

Module 12

A

neurogenesis

84
Q

Localization of function or activity on one side of the body preference to the other is called or defined as what? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 13

A

lateralization

85
Q

What is the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them called? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 13

A

[the] corpus callosum

86
Q

When the corpus callosum is severed from surgery, isolating the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers that connect them together, is called what? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 13

A

split brain

87
Q

Which hemisphere controls the logic + speech/comphrension and creativity? (2)

(2) = 2 answers/parts

Module 13

A

right
* creativity
left
* logic
* speech/comphrension

88
Q

What is our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment called?

Module 13

A

consciousness

89
Q

The interdisclinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition including perception, thinking, memory, and language is called what?

Module 13

A

cognitive neuroscience

90
Q

The principle that information is often simultanteously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks is called what?

Module 13

A

dual processing

91
Q

What is the condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it? (1)

(1) = 1 answer/part

Module 13

A

blindsight

92
Q

Processing many aspects of a problem stimultaneously; generally used to process well-learned informaiton or to solve easy problems is called what?

Module 13

A

parallel processing

93
Q

Processing one aspect of a problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve diffiult problems is what call what?

Module 13

A

sequential processing

94
Q

What is the Broca’s responsibility in the brain?

Module 13

A

speech production

95
Q

What is the brain’s relay system (a signal must go through here before moving to their specific lobe or etc)?

A

Thalamus

96
Q

What is the responsibility for the Wernicke area in the brain?

Module 13

A

speech comprehenison

psychology (25 decks)

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