Unit 3 (Modules 10-13) Flashcards
nervous system, brain
Neurons communicating with neurotransmitters make up what in our body? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 10
[the body’s] nervous system
What defines the following?:
The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 10
[the] nervous system
What are the two systems/subcategories apart of the nervous system?
Module 10
- Peripheral
- Central
The brain and spinal cord form what in the nervous system? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 10
central nervous system (CNS)
What system is responsible for gathering information and for transmitting CNS decisions to other body parts?
Module 10
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of what kind of neurons? (2)
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 10
- sensory [neurons]
- motor [neurons]
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) does what to the central nervous system (1)?
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 10
connects it (CNS) to the rest of the body
helps transmit CNS decisions to other body parts
Electrical cables (neural cables) formed from bundles of axons connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands and sense organs defines what? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 10
nerves
What kind of neuron carries messages from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors inward to the brain and spinal cord for processing?
Module 10
sensory [neurons]
What kind of neuron carry instructions from the central nervous system outward to the body’s muscles and glands?
Module 10
motor [neurons]
Between the sensory input and motor output, what kind of neuron helps process information in the spinal cord/brain?
Module 10
interneurons
Our peripheral system is made up of what two components?
Module 10
- somatic
- autonomic
What nervous system enables voluntary control of our sketal muscles? (conscious activity)
Module 10
somatic [nervous system]
What nervous system controls our glands and our internal organ muscles?
Module 10
autonomic [nervous system]
The “autonomic” in autonomic nervous system means what? (1)
(1) = 1 anwser/part
Module 10
self regulating
What three functions does the autonomic nervous system give off?
could be more than three but in the book there is only three given
Module 10
- glandular activity
- heartbeat
- digestion
What nervous system arouses and expands energy?
Module 10
sympathetic [nervous system]
What nervous system is responsible for the “flight”, “fight”, “freeze”, “fawn” response?
Module 10
sympathetic [nervous system]
Why do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 10
to help keep us in homeostasis
Yes or No?:
Does the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together?
Module 10
yes
The brain’s neurons cluster into work groups which can be called/defined as what? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 10
neural networks
What connects the peripheral nervous system and the brain together? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 10
(the) spinal cord
Ascending neural fibers send up what? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 10
sensory information
Descending fibers send back what? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 10
motor-control information
What defines our automatic responses to stimuli and helps illustrate the spinal cord’s work? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 10
reflex(es)
A simple spinal reflex pathway is composed of what two simple neurons? (2)
(2) = 2 answer/parts
Module 10
- (a single) sensory [neuron]
- (a single) motor [neuron]
Sensory and motor neurons usually communicate through a what? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 10
interneurons
What system is interconnected with your nervous system and can be classified as a second communication system?
Module 10
endocrine system
The endocrine system’s glands secrete another form of chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues, including the brian. What are these chemical messengers scientifically called? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 10
hormones
When hormones act on the brain, they influcence what three interests? (3)
(3) = 3 answers/parts
Module 10
- sex
- food
- aggression
Yes or No:
Are the endocrine system and nervous system closely related?
Module 10
Yes
How does the endocrine system send a message?/What is the path a message in the endocrine system takes when transporting a message? (3)
(3) = 3 answers/parts
Module 10
bloodstream -> gland -> the target tissue
Fill in the blank:
If the ____________ system transmits information with text-message speed (fraction of a second), the ____________ system delivers an old-fashioned letter (several seconds or more).
Module 10
- nervous
- endocrine
What message last longer?
* the endocrine (hormones)
* nervous system (nerves)
Module 10
endocrine (hormones)
endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages
In a moment of danger, the automatic nervous system (ANS) orders what glands (on top of the kidneys) to release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)?
Module 10
adrenal glands
What two hormones are released from the adrenal glands during a fight-or-flight response?
Module 10
- epinephrine (adrenaline)
- norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
What is the most influential gland apart of the endocrine system that is pea-sized and located in the core of the brain?
Module 10
pituitary gland
What adjacent brain area controls the pituitary gland?
Module 10
[the] hypothalamus
True or false:
The pituitary gland (more specifically the secretions from it) direct other endocrine glands to release their hormones.
Module 10
true
What feedback system (the steps) reveal the intimate connection of the nervous and endocrine system (5)
(5) = 5 answers/parts
Module 10
- brain
- pituitary
- other glands
- hormones
- body & brain
The nervous system directs endocrine secretions, which then affect what system?
Module 10
the nervous system
yes, that is the correct answer.
Scientists can also selectively destroy tiny clusters of normal or defective brain cells, leaving the surrounding tissue unharmed. What is the act of destroying these cluster brain cells called?
Module 11
lesion
What defines the following?:
an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 11
EEG (electroencephalogram)
What technique is related to an EEG and measures magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical activity?
Module 11
MEG (magnetoencephalography)
What technique studies the brain through x-ray photographs that can reveal brain damage? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 11
CT (computed tomography) scan
What technique studies brain activity by showing each brain area’s consumption of its chemical fuel, the sugar glucose (radioactive)?
Module 11
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
What technique studies the brain through brain scans in which a person’s head is put in a strong magnetic field, which aligns the spinning atoms of brain molecules which are then put under radio-wave pulse? This technique produces computer-generated images of sofrt tissue, great for showing brain anatomy.
Module 11
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
A specific kind of brain technique stemming from an MRI can reveal the brain’s functioning as well as its structure. What is this brain technique/MRI type called? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 11
fMRI (functional MRI)
What brain technique detects blood rushing to certain regions of the brain (researchers can watch as specific brain areas activate, showing increased oxygen-laden bloodflow)?
Module 11
fMRI (functional MRI)
When the brain is unoccupied, blood continues to flow via a web of brain regions. (brain activity in these areas support mind-wandering and daydreaming) This web of brain regions is classified as the what? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 11
[the] default network
What type of MRI technology maps long-distance brain fiber connections? (this has led to the creation of a new brain map with 100 neural centers not previoussly described)
Module 11
diffusion spectrum
What part of the brain is the oldest and innermost region (the central core of the brain? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 11
[the] brainstem
What is the base of the brainstem called (controls heart beat and breathing & is the slight swelling on the brainstem that is present in the spinal cord just after it eneters the skull)? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 11
medulla
What does the medulla control? (2)
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 11
- [controls] heartbeat
- [&] breathing
What is the top of the brainstem called? It is a pair of egg-shaped structures that act as the brain’s sensory control center. (Receives information from all the senses except smell and routes that info to the higher brain regions that deal with those senses. Also receives some of the higher brain’s replies which it then directs to the medulla and to the cerebellum.)
Module 11
thalamus
What is the neuron network on the inside of your brainstem and between your ears called? The neuron network also extends to the spinal cord right up through the thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal (for example, waking up from sleep [becoming alerted]).
Module 11
reticular formation
What is the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem called? It is around baseball-sized and functions in processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance + enabling nonverbal learning and memory.
Module 11
cerebellum
What five things does the cerebellum do in the brain/for the body?
Module 11
- processes sensory input
- coordinates movement output
- helps with balance
- enables nonverbal learning
- enables nonverbal memory
What is the reticular formation responsible for? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 11
- controls arousal
What 3 things does the thalamus control/do in the brain or for the body?
Module 11
- processes sensory information
- relays sensory info to sensory receiving areas in the cortex
- transmit replies from cortex sensory regions to the cerebellum and medulla
Between the brain’s older parts (brainstem + everything in it) and its newer higher regions, the cerebral hemispheres, lies what neural system?
Module 11
[the] limbic system
limbus means “border”
What four parts does the limbic system control/contain?
Module 11
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- amygdala
- hippocampus
What two lima-bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system control agression and fear (fight or flight)? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 11
amygdala
What neural structure lies below the thalamus and directs several maintenance activites (eating/hunger, drinking/thirst, body temp and sexual behavior/pleasure) to help maintain homeostasis? (also helps govern the endocrine’s most influential gland (pituitary gland) & is linked to emotion and reward) (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 11
hypothalamus
hypo = below
What neural center located in the limbic system helps process conscious, explicit memories (of facts & events) and decreases in size and function as we grow older? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 11
hippocampus
The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells, covering the two cerebral hemispheres is called what? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 12
cerebral cortex
Each hemisphere’s cortex is subdivided into how many lobes?
Module 12
four
How are the four lobes divided? (what divides them)
Module 12
prominent fissures (folds)
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead that is involved in speaking and muscle movements along with making plans + judgements is called/classified as the what? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 12
frontal lobes
What portion of the cerebral cortex lies at the top of the head and toward the rear that is responsible for receiving sensory input for touch and body position?
Module 12
parietal lobes
What portion of the cerebral cortex lies at the back of your head and includes areas that receive information from the visual fields?
Module 12
occipital lobes
What portion of the cerebral cortex lies roughty above the ears and includes the auditory areas, each receiving info primarily from the opposite ear?
Module 12
temporal lobes
The area at the rear of the front lobes that controls voluntary movemnets is called your what?
Module 12
motor cortex
What cortex sends messages out to the body? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 12
[the] motor cortex
What area at the front of the parietal lobes register and processes body touch and movement sensations? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 12
[the] somatosensory cortex
Where is the somatosensory cortex located?
Module 12
- in front of the parietal lobes
Where is the motor cortex located?
Module 12
- at the rear of the parietal lobes
What cortex receives incoming messages? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 12
[the] somatosensory cortex
What areas of the cerebral cortex are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions but rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 12
association areas
Ture or false:
Association areas are found in all four lobes.
Module 12
true
What cortex is in the forward part of the frontal lobes that enables judgement, planning and processing of new memories?
Module 12
prefrontal cortex
What is the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience called?
Module 12
plasticity
The formation of new neurons is called what?
Module 12
neurogenesis
Localization of function or activity on one side of the body preference to the other is called or defined as what? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 13
lateralization
What is the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them called? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 13
[the] corpus callosum
When the corpus callosum is severed from surgery, isolating the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers that connect them together, is called what? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 13
split brain
Which hemisphere controls the logic + speech/comphrension and creativity? (2)
(2) = 2 answers/parts
Module 13
right
* creativity
left
* logic
* speech/comphrension
What is our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment called?
Module 13
consciousness
The interdisclinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition including perception, thinking, memory, and language is called what?
Module 13
cognitive neuroscience
The principle that information is often simultanteously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks is called what?
Module 13
dual processing
What is the condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
Module 13
blindsight
Processing many aspects of a problem stimultaneously; generally used to process well-learned informaiton or to solve easy problems is called what?
Module 13
parallel processing
Processing one aspect of a problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve diffiult problems is what call what?
Module 13
sequential processing
What is the Broca’s responsibility in the brain?
Module 13
speech production
What is the brain’s relay system (a signal must go through here before moving to their specific lobe or etc)?
Thalamus
What is the responsibility for the Wernicke area in the brain?
Module 13
speech comprehenison
