Unit 4 (Modules 18-19) Flashcards
vision + theories & eye anatomy
, Our eyes receive light energy and transduce it into neural messages… What does transduce mean?
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[to] transform
Fill in the blank:
Light travels in ____________, and the shape of those waves ____________ what we see.
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- waves
- influences
The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next is called a light’s what? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
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wavelength
Fill in the blank for the following:
Wavelength determines ____________, the color we experience, such as the tulip’s red petals or green leaves.
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hue
What is the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light (what we know as the color names blue, green, etc.) called? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
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hue
What is another name or synonym for the word: amplitude?
Ex: A light wave’s amplitude determines its intensity.
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height
What influences a wave’s intensity? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
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[the] wave’s amplitude
The amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness is defined as what? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
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intensity
What influences brightness (what we perceive as bright or loudness) or loudness? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
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intensity
Light enters the eye through what part of the eye? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
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[the] cornea
The eye’s clear, protective outer layer, covering the pupil and iris is called the what?
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[the] cornea
After light passes through the cornea, what part of the eye does light passes through next? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
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[the] pupil
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters is defined as what part of the eye?
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[the] pupil
In response to light intensity, what colored muscle dilates or constricts in response? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
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[the] iris
A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening is called the what?
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[the] iris
True or false:
Each iris (in the eye) is so distinctive that an iris-scanning machine can confirm your identity.
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true
The iris responds to what two kind of states?
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- cognitive [state]
- emotional [state]
After passing through your pupil, light hits what in your eye? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
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[the] transparent lens
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina is called..? (1)
(1) = 1 answer/part
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[the] lens
The lens in your eye focuses the light rays into an image on what part of your eye? (1)
(1) = 1 anwer/part
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[your] retina
What defines the following?:
The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
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[the] retina
What does the retina contain? (3)
(3) = 3 answers/parts
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- receptor rods
- receptor cones
- layers of neurons
To focus the rays, the lens changes it curvature and thickness in a process called what?
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accomodation
When the eye lens changes shapte to focus near or far object on the retina, this process is called what?
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accommodation
The term, nearsightedness, can also be called what? (1)
(1) = 1 anwser/part
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myopia
Which one is the cones and which one is the rods(in context of the eye):
- retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray, and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when the other receptor cell (2) does not respond
- retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. this receptor cell detects fine detail and gives rise to color sensation
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- rods
- cones
What retinal receptor cell detects the colors: black, white and gray, is sensitive to movement and is necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when the other receptor cell does not respond?
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rods
What retinal receptor cell becomes concentrated near the center of the retina and functions in daylight or well-lit conditions, and detects fine detail and gives rise to color sensations?
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cones
Once light energy is detected by rods and cones, the light energy would trigger what to happen?
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a chemical reaction (chemical changes)
The light energy triggers a chemical change in the eye. That chemical reaction would spark neural signals in what kidn of cell?
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bipolar (cells)
In the eye, what kind of neighboring cells does the bipolar cells activate?
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ganglion cels
Axons that are twined together like the strands of a rope to form the optic nerve are from what cell? (what cell has it’s axons twined together that form the optic nerve?)
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ganglion (cells)
What nerve carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain? (an information highway from eye to brain)
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[the] optic nerve
The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and there are no receptor cells located there. What is this point or spot called?
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[the/a] blind spot
Fill in the blank for the following:
Rods and cones are our eye’s light-sensitive ____________.
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photoreceptors
The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster is called what?
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[the] fovea
Which retina receptor has the most cells in the human eye?
- cones
- rods
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(2) rods
rods - 120 million
cones - 6 million
Where are clusters of cones located in the eye?
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in the center of the retina
Where are rods located in the eye?
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around the retina’s outer regions (periphery)
Where is the blind spot in the eye located?
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on nose side of each retina
Yes or no:
In a normal healthy human with healthy eyes, would the blind spot impair the healthy human’s vision?
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no,
blind spot does not impair vision
because when eyes are moving, the one eye catches what the other misses
Fill in the blank:
Some nocturnal animals, such as toads, mice, rats, and bats have impressive night vision thanks to having many more ____________ (rods/cones) than ____________ (rods/cones) in their retinas. These creatures probably have very poor ____________ (color/black-and-white) vision.
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- rods
- cones
- color
Fill in the following:
Cats are able to open their ____________ much wider than we can, which allows more light into their eyes so they can see better at night.
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- pupils
Fill in the following:
Cats are able to open their ____________ much wider than we can, which allows more light into their eyes so they can see better at night.
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- pupils
What dilates to allow more light reach your retina when you enter a darkened theater? (1)
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[your] retina
At the entry level, the retina’s neural layers don’t just pass along electrical impulses, they also help do what two things?
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- encode
- analyze sensory information
any given retinal area relays its info to a corresponding area in cortex
Fill in the blank for the following:
Many know that any color can be created by combining the light waves of three primary colors–red, green, and blue. So Young and von Helmholtz formed a hypothesis: The eye must therefore have three ____________ types of color receptors.
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corresponding
The so called theory is titled what?:
the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors–one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue–which, when stimulated in combination, can prdocue the perception of any color.
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young-helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory
The so called theory is titled what?:
the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors–one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue–which, when stimulated in combination, can prdocue the perception of any color.
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young-helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory
Fill in the blank:
About 1 person in 50 is “color blind” (color-deficient). The defect is usually genetically ____________ linked.
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sex
Ewald Hering found a clue towards color theory in afterimages. Stare at a green square for a while and then look at white sheet of paper and you will red, green’s opponent color. With this clue, he formed what theory?
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[the] opponent-process theory
The so called theory is titled what?:
the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision.
* (Ex: some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green)
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opponent-process theory
color vision must involve two additional color processes
Color vision depends on what three sets of opposing retinal processes?
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- red-green
- blue-yellow
- white-black
When impulses dealing with light (color) travel to the visual cortex, some messages in both the retina and the thalamus cannot travel together at once (such as green and red). Red and green (along with other messages taht cannot travel together at once) are thus considered what to each other?
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opponents
* we see either red or green, not a reddish-green mixture
* but red and blue travel in seperate channels (at once), so we can see a reddish-blue magenta
Staring at a green square for a while and then looking at a white sheet of paper just to see red is an example of what color theory?
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opponent-process theory
Nerve cells in the brain’s visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus (a scene/image), such as their shape, angle, or movement are called what?
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feature detectors
A team of cells is classified as what?
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supercell clusters
The brain does many things at once and divides a scene into subdimensions and works on each aspect simultaneously. Then afterwards, constructs our perceptions by integrating (binding) the separate but parallel work form the subdimensions. This processing method is called what?
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parallel processing
What defines the following?:
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information prcoessing for many functions, including vision
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parallel processing
Put the series of events in order:
- recognition
- feature detection
- parallel processing
- a scene
- retinal processing
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- a scene
- retinal processing
- feature detection
- parallel processing
- recognition
What is the word for the following definition below?:
An organized whole Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes (discovered that when we have a cluster of sensations we describe them as a whole)
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gestalt
The organizatoin of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) is defined as what?
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figure-ground
As you walk into a party, there are tons of voices you hear.
In a figure-ground relationship, which is the figure and which is the ground?:
* the singular voice out of all you are trying to intrepet
* all the other voices
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- singular voice - figure
- all the other voices - ground
The perceptual tendecy to organize stimuli into coherent groups is called what?
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grouping
Our mind brigns order and form to other stimuli by following certain rules for grouping.. These rules, which we apply even as infants and even in our touch perceptions, illustrate how the perceived whole differs from the sum of its parts.
What are the three main rules/principles for grouping called?
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- proximity
- continuity
- closure
The following is a defintion for one out of three rules for grouping:
We group nearby figures together using this principle/rule. We see not six separate lines, but three sets of two lines.
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Which rule/principle fits the defintion?
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proximity
The following is a defintion for one out of three rules for grouping:
We perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. This pattern could be a series of alternating semicircles, but we perceive it as two continuous lines–one wavy, one straight.
Which rule/principle fits the defintion?
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continuity
The following is a defintion for one out of three rules for grouping:
We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object. Thus we assume that the circles on the left are complete but partially blocked by the (illusory) triangle. Add nothing more than little line segments to close off the circles and your brain stops constructing a triangle.
Which rule/principle fits the defintion?
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closure
What term defines the following?:
The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
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depth perception
A depth cue, such as retinal desparity, that depends on the use of two eyes is called a what kind of cue?
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[a] binocular cue
Is the following an example of monocular cues or binocular cues?:
With both eyes open, we use this cue to judge the distance of nearby objects such as a tip of the pencil.
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binocular cue
A binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance.
* the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object
What is this kind of binocular cue called?
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retinal disparity
What is another word (a synonym) for disparity?
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difference
A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals, is called what?
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visual cliff
A depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone is called what?
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monocular cue
Our brain perceives a rapid series of slightly varying mimages as continuous movement. What is this phenomenon called?
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stroboscopic movement
Film animators make a super-fast slide show of 24 still pictures a second to create an illusion of movement. What phenomenon causes this illusion of movement?
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[the] stroboscopic movement [phenomenon]
An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession is caused by what phenomenon?
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[the] phi phenomenon
Is the following an example of monocular cues or binocular cues?:
Being able to judge whether a person is 10 or 100 meters away.
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monocular cues
Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change is called what?
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perceptual constancy
Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object is called what?
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color constancy
Perceiving an object as having a constant brightness even as its illumination varies is called what?
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brightness constancy (lightness constancy)
The perception of constancy depends on the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings. What is this called?
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relative luminance
Perceiving an object as having an unchanging size, even while our distance from it varies, is called what?
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size constancy
Perceiving the form of familar objects as constant even while our retinas receive changing is called what?
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shape constancy
Given a new pair of glasses, we may feel slightly disoriented, even dizzy. However, within a day or two, we adjust. What causes/explains this?
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perceptual adaptation
The ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artifically displaced or even inverted visual field is called what?
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perceptual adaptation
