Unit 5 Psych Flashcards
Dispositional attributes
Personal traits such as personality and intelligence
Situational attributes
Environmental factors
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to make dispositional attributions about others and to underestimate the influence of the situation in shaping people’s behaviors
Self-serving bias
Tendency to blame external forces when bad things happen & give ourselves credit when good things happen
Actor-observer bias
Attribute others actions to internal causes when attributing your own to external causes
Mere exposure effect
Liking a stimuli as you’re exposed to it more
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Stereotypes
False assumptions based on the characteristics of a few members of a group
Prejudice
An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group & its members
Discrimination
Negative behavior based on prejudices
Implicit prejudice
Unconscious, subtle
Just-world hypothesis
How do we view the situation people are sometimes involved in (believing the world is fair and people get what they deserve)
Cognitive dissonance
We act to reduce the discomfort we feel when our thoughts and behaviors are inconsistent
Foot-in-the-door
A tendency for people who agree to a small action to comply later to a larger one
Door-in-the-face
Refusing a large request increases the likelihood of agreeing to a smaller, second request
Halo Effect
We think attractive people are nicer, smarter, and kinder than average-looking people
Social Norms
Unwritten rules that dictate acceptable behavior in a society or group.
Social influence theory
The idea that people’s thoughts and behaviors are shaped by the presence and actions of others.
Normative
Conforming to social norms to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
Informational
Conforming because one believes others have accurate information.
Persuasion
The process of influencing someone’s attitudes or behaviors through communication.
Elaboration likelihood model
A theory explaining two ways people are persuaded: a central (thoughtful) route and a peripheral (superficial) route.
Central route to persuasion
Persuasion based on logical arguments and deep thinking.
Peripheral route to persuasion
Persuasion based on superficial cues like attractiveness or emotions.
Conformity
Adjusting behavior or thinking to align with a group.
Obedience
Following direct orders from an authority figure.
Individualism
A cultural value emphasizing personal independence and self-reliance.
Collectivism
A cultural value prioritizing group goals over individual ones.
Multiculturalism
The coexistence and appreciation of diverse cultural backgrounds within a society.
Group Polarization
The tendency for group discussions to strengthen the group’s prevailing opinions.
Groupthink
When a group prioritizes harmony over critical thinking, leading to poor decisions.
Diffusion of responsibility
The tendency for individuals to feel less responsible in a group setting.
Social loafing
When individuals put in less effort in a group than when working alone.
Deindividuation
Losing self-awareness and restraint in group settings, often leading to impulsive behavior.
Social facilitation
Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others
False consensus effect
The tendency to overestimate how much others share our beliefs and behaviors.
Superordinate traps
Shared goals that require cooperation between groups to achieve.
Social traps
Situations where individuals act in self-interest but harm the group in the long run.
I/O Psychologists
Industrial-organizational psychologists who study workplace behavior to improve efficiency and satisfaction.
Altruism
Selfless concern for the well-being of others.
Social reciprocity norm
The expectation to return help to those who have helped us.
Social responsibility norm
The belief that people should help those in need, even without personal gain.
Bystander effect
The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help when others are present.
Out-group homogeneity bias
The tendency to perceive members of an out-group as more similar to each other than members of one’s in-group.
In-group bias
The tendency to favor and give preferential treatment to members of one’s own group over outsiders
Ethnocentrism
Judging other cultures by the standards of one’s own culture, often with the belief that one’s culture is superior.
Belief perseverance
The tendency to cling to one’s initial beliefs even when presented with contradictory evidence
Person perception
The process of forming impressions and making judgments about others based on their appearance, behavior, and social context.
