Psych memory

Question 1

Recall

Answer 1

Retrieve the info out of memory (essay, fill in blank)

Question 2

Recognition

Answer 2

Identify the correct target out of many (multiple choice)

Question 3

Three steps to info processing model

Answer 3

Encode, store, and retrieve

Question 4

Three-stage model: sensory memory

Answer 4

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory memory in the memory system (iconic vs echoic)

Question 5

Three-stage model: Short-term memory

Answer 5

Memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten. Also known as working memory

Question 6

Three-stage model: Long-term memory

Answer 6

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Question 7

Explicit memory

Answer 7

Facts and experiences from long-term memory that one can consciously know and “declare.” Also known as declarative memory

Question 8

How do we process explicit memory?

Answer 8

Effortful processing: requires attention and conscious effort

Question 9

Implicit memory

Answer 9

Muscle memory

Question 10

How do we process implicit memory?

Answer 10

Automatic processing: unconscious, incidental information. Well-learned info such as word meanings

Question 11

Short term memory capacity

Answer 11

we can store somewhere between 5 and 9 pieces of information (often referred to as 7 +/- 2) in short-term memory

Question 12

Structural encoding

Answer 12

Encoding by the visual details of something, such as: shape, color, or structure.

Question 13

Phonemic encoding

Answer 13

Encoding by the auditory aspects of something, such as:tone, volume, or pronunciation.

Question 14

Semantic encoding

Answer 14

Encoding by the meaning of something, such as associating it with: emotion, ideas, or previous knowledge.

Question 15

Shallow processing

Answer 15

structural, phonemic

Question 16

Deep processing

Answer 16

semantic

Question 17

Chunking

Answer 17

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

Question 18

Mnemonic device

Answer 18

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices, like
acronyms.

Question 19

Method of Loci

Answer 19

Technique that uses visualization and spatial memory to help recall information.

Question 20

Massed practice

Answer 20

Bad study habit. Learning information in a short amount time with not a lot of processing time.

Question 21

Spacing effect

Answer 21

the idea that learning is more effective when study sessions are spread out over time, rather than massed practice!

Question 22

Testing effect

Answer 22

better retention happens as a result of testing your memory recall

Question 23

Forgetting curve (Ebbinghaus)

Answer 23

You forget a lot of info if not reviewed and then the info you retain just stays there

Question 24

Episodic memory

Answer 24

Explicit memory of personally experienced events or situations.

Question 25

Semantic memory

Answer 25

Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge.

Question 26

Primacy effect

Answer 26

Information at the beginning of a list is remembered better than information in the middle.

Question 27

Regency effect

Answer 27

Information at the end of a list/most recent is remembered better than the material in the middle

Question 28

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 28

The tendency to recall experiences that
are consistent with one’s current good or bad emotional state (mood)

Question 29

Context-dependent memory

Answer 29

it’s easier to recall information when you are in the same environment or situation as when the memory was originally formed

Question 30

Encoding failure

Answer 30

when info isn’t processed or organized; we’re not paying enough attention

Question 31

Storage decay

Answer 31

The gradual fading of info in the brain. Hermann Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve

Question 32

Retrieval failure

Answer 32

Inability to retrieve stored information. Tip-of-the-tounge.

Question 33

Proactive interference

Answer 33

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

Question 34

Retroactive interference

Answer 34

the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of
old information

Question 35

Repression

Answer 35

a coping strategy that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Question 36

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 36

Inability to recall old memories.

Question 37

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 37

Inability to form new memories

Question 38

Infantile amnesia

Answer 38

The inability of most adults to retrieve episodic memories before the age of 3-4 years bc of developing brain

Question 39

Autobiographical memory

Answer 39

Memory for one’s personal history

Question 40

Misinformation effect

Answer 40

An eyewitness being asked: “Did you see the broken light” rather than “Did you see a broken light”.

Question 41

Source amnesia

Answer 41

a memory issue that occurs when someone can recall information but can’t remember where, when, or how they learned it

Question 42

Memory consolidation

Answer 42

When your brain strengthens and organizes memories over time, especially while you sleep.

Question 43

Imagination inflation

Answer 43

When your brain accidentally adds imagined details to your memories, making them seem more dramatic or different than what really happened.

Question 44

Central executive

Answer 44

A memory component that coordinates the activities of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad

Question 45

Phonological loop

Answer 45

A memory component that briefly holds auditory info

Question 46

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 46

A memory component that briefly holds info about objects’ appearance and location in space

Question 47

Episodic buffer

Answer 47

This system binds and integrates information into discrete pieces

Question 48

Prospective memory

Answer 48

an intention to carry out a psychological or physical act and is related to future-oriented behaviors.

Question 49

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 49

a memory technique that involves repeating information to keep it in short-term memory

Question 50

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 50

a memory technique that involves making connections between new information and what you already know

Question 51

Metacognition

Answer 51

the capacity to reflect on, evaluate, and control cognitive processes such as decision-making, memory, and perception.